Keywords pages 96-101 + Q&A

Mortality

Death rate (how many people die)

Population structure

The composition of a population, typically described in terms of age and sex.

Demographic transition model

A theoretical model that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops.

Food security

The state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely without degrading the environment.

Pandemic

An outbreak of a disease that occurs on a global scale.

Affluence

The state of having a great deal of money; wealth.

LIC

Low-Income Country.

MIC

Middle-Income Country.

NIC

Newly Industrialized Country.

HIC

High-Income Country.

Population momentum

The tendency for a population to continue to grow even after birth rates have declined, due to a large proportion of individuals in childbearing age.

Vital rates

Key statistics that describe the dynamics of a population, including birth and death rates.

Birth rate

The number of live births per thousand people per year.

Death rate

The number of deaths per thousand people per year.

Natural increase

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate in a population.

Natural change

The change in population size due to the difference between birth and death rates.

Net migration

The difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants in a population.

Immigration

The act of coming to live permanently in a foreign country.

Emigration

The act of leaving one's own country to settle in another.

In-migration

The movement of people into a specific area.

Out-migration

The movement of people out of a specific area.

Population change

The change in the number of individuals in a population over time.

Fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have in her lifetime.

Replacement level

The total fertility rate at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next, typically around 2.1.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of infants under one year old per thousand live births per year.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live from birth.

Population density

The number of people living per unit of area, usually expressed as people per square kilometer.

Population distribution

The arrangement of people across a given area, often represented on maps.

Census

A systematic collection of data about a population, typically conducted every ten years.

Resources

The available means or assets that can be utilized to meet needs or achieve goals.

Quality of life

The general well-being of individuals and societies, encompassing material and non-material aspects.

Sanitation

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of human waste and maintenance of hygiene.

Birth control

Methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy during or following sexual intercourse.

Servitude

The state of being a servant or in a position of subservience, often linked to economic or social conditions.

What is natural increase in population change?

The change in the size of a population caused by the difference between birth rate and death rate.

What historical event around 10,000 years ago significantly impacted population growth?

The Neolithic farming revolution.

What was the global population approximately 2000 years ago?

250 million.

What major health improvements contributed to population growth during the Industrial Revolution?

Developments in water supply and medicine.

What is the peak growth rate of the world's population and when did it occur?

2.1 percent per year in the 1960s.

What is population momentum?

The phenomenon where a large number of young people in a population continue to produce children, contributing to population growth.

How is birth rate defined?

The number of live births per thousand people per year.

What is the formula for overall population change?

Population change = (birth rate - death rate) ± migration.

What is the fertility rate?

The average number of children each woman in a population will have in her lifetime.

What does the infant mortality rate measure?

The number of children who die under the age of one, expressed per thousand live births per year.

What is life expectancy?

The average number of years a person can expect to live from birth.

What is population density?

The number of people in a given area, usually measured as the number of people per square kilometer.

What is the purpose of a census?

To collect data about a country's population, including vital rates and other demographic information.

How does infant mortality affect fertility rates in LICs?

High infant mortality leads to higher birth rates as families have more children to ensure some survive.

What role does education play in fertility rates?

Increasing female literacy is linked to lower fertility rates due to better knowledge of birth control and employment opportunities.

How does the age structure of a population influence future births?

A younger population can lead to higher future births, even if fertility rates drop.

What is the impact of economic factors on fertility in LICs versus HICs?

In LICs, children are seen as economic assets, while in HICs, they are often viewed as economic liabilities.

What was the effect of China's 'one-child policy'?

It successfully reduced fertility rates in the country.

How does the status of women affect fertility rates?

Higher social status and

Life expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

Population density

Number of people living per unit area, typically per square kilometer.

Population distribution

How people are spread across a given area.

Census

Official count or survey of a population, typically recording various details.

Resources

Assets or materials available for use, including natural, human, and economic resources.

Quality of life

Overall well-being and standard of living of individuals or communities.

Sanitation

Conditions related to public health, including clean drinking water and waste disposal.

Birth control

Methods to prevent pregnancy and control the number of children.

NICs

Newly Industrialized Countries experiencing rapid economic growth and industrialization.

Servitude

Condition of being a servant or in forced labor.

GDP/person

Gross Domestic Product divided by the population, indicating average economic output per person.

Disposable income

Amount of money available for spending after taxes and necessities.

Baby boomers

Individuals born during the post-World War II baby boom (1946-1964).

Dependency ratio

Ratio of dependents (young and old) to the working-age population.

Working population

Segment of the population that is employed or actively seeking employment.

Dependent population

Individuals who rely on others for support, typically children and elderly.

Quantitative

Data that can be measured and expressed numerically.

Qualitative

Data that describes qualities or characteristics, often non-numerical.

Sex ratio

Ratio of males to females in a population (how many males to 100 females).

Demographic dividend

Economic growth potential that can result from shifts in a population's age structure.

Informal economy

Economic activities not regulated by the government or covered by formal labour laws.

Pro-natalist

Policies or attitudes that encourage higher birth rates.

Virtuous spiral

Positive feedback loop where improvements lead to further benefits.

Anti-natalist

Policies or attitudes that discourage birth rates.

Overpopulation

Condition where the number of people exceeds the capacity of the environment to support them.