PSMA (INORGANIC CHEM) PT.1

Ionization potential

Energy required to remove an electron to make it positive; a closely related concept describing the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule

Electron Affinity (Cl)

Property to accept an electron; Energy released when the electron is added to make it negative

Electronegativity (F)

Ability of an atom to attract an electron to itself; is a chemical property that describes the ability of an atom (or, more rarely, a functional group) to attract electrons (or electron density) towards itself

Atomic radius

Half of distance between nucleus of 2 atoms

Alkali Metals

Group IA is also known as?

• Li - Lithium

• Na - Sodium

• K - Potassium

• Rb - Rubidium

• Cs - Caesium

• Fr - Francium

Group IA consists of what elements?

Group IA (Alkali metals)

• Valence +1

• Most reactive element

• Do not occur free in nature

• salts are soluble

Hydrogen “Inflammable Air”

• Element with no therapeutic uses

• Lightest element

• Essential constituent of all acids

• Powerful reducing agent

• production of margarine

• balloons

• Protium

• Deuterium

• Tritium

What are the three isotopes of Hydrogen

Protium

• the most abundant isotope

Deuterium

• heavy water

• manufacture of batteries

Tritium

• radioactive isotope

H+

• monovalent cation

• hydronium ion

H-

hydrides anion

Lithium “Earth Stone”

• Flame test: Carmine red

• Lightest metal

• Used as heat exchanger in air condition, antidepressant, diuretic

Lithium bromide (LiBr)

early formulation of lithium antidepressant

Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) / Lithase

DOC for bipolar disorder

Sodium “From Nature”

• Flame test: Golden yellow

• predominant cation in extracellular fluid

• produce osmotic effect in the body

PHARMACOLOGY

• fluid retention

• respiratory edema formation

Sodium acetate (NaCH3COO)

USES

• diuretic

• urinary and systemic alkalinizer

• antacid

• alkalinizing agent in Benedict’s solution

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

• aka Baking soda

USES

• systemic/absorbable antacid

• carbonating agent

A/E

• rebound hyperacidity

• systemic alkalosis

• edema formation

Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4)

• aka Fleet Enema

• rectal administration

USES

• cathartic/laxative

• treatment of cystitis (Zea mays)

• urinary acidifier

Methenamine

• Prodrug of Sodium dihydrogen phosphate

• Active in vivo

• acidify by NaH2PO4

• releases formaldehyde (HCHO)

Sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3); Sodium hypophosphite

• antioxidant (Reducing agent)

Soda Ash

Na2CO3 - anhydrous is called?

Trona

Na2CO3 × 2 H2O is called?

Soda crystals, washing soda, sal soda

Na2CO3 × 10 H2O is called?

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

• aka table salt, solar salt, rock salt

• electrolyte replenisher (NSS, Ringer’s)

• adjust tonicity

• preservative, condiment

Sodium citrate (Na3C6H5O3)

• alkalinizer, buffer

• diuretic

• expectorant

• shortens coagulation of blood

Denige’s test

specific test for citrate

Sodium fluoride (NaF)

• anti cariogenic

• 2% (4 application)

Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

• aka caustic soda, sosa, lye

• saponifying agent (hard soap)

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

• Dakin’s solution

• bleaching agent

• disinfectant

• oxidizing agent

Diluted Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)

• modified dakin’s solution

• antiseptic

• irrigating solution (wash)

Sodium Iodide (NaI)

• Expectorant

• Solubilizer of Iodine

Sodium Lactate

• Converted to HCO3

• Antacid

• Alkalinizer

Sodium nitrite (NaNO2)

• Antidote for CN poisoning

• vasodilator

CN-

acts on cytochrome oxidase with high affinity to methemoglobin

Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)

• converts CN- methemoglobin to SCN-

• photographer’s hypo

• antidote for CN- poisoning

• standard volumetric solution for iodometry

Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)

• chile salt peter

• preservative

Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)

• Glauber’s salt

• cathartic

Sodium tartrate (Na2C4H4O6)

• 1 standard of Karl Fischer titration

Sodium thiocyanate (NaSCN)

• hypotensive agent in sodium

Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)

• Photographer’s hypo

• Antidote for CN- poisoning

• Standard volumetric solution for iodometry

K+

• Kalium

• flame test: violet

• most predominant intracellular cation

PHARMACOLOGY

• diuretic

• muscle contraction

• hypokalemia

Hypokalemia

can cause muscular paralysis leading to death

Potassium acetate

KCH3COO-

Potassium bicarbonate

KHCO3

Potassium bitartrate (KHC4H4O6)

• cream of tartar, creamor

• laxative

Potassium bromide (KBr)

• antidepressant in potassium

Potassium carbonate

K2CO3

Potassium chlorate (KClO3)

• component of toothpaste, gargles mouth washes due to its oxidizing cleaning, deodorant action

Potassium chloride (KCl)

excessive use of this can lead to hyperkalemia

Potassium citrate

• expectorant

• diaphoretic

Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

• caustic potash, lye potash

• saponifying agent

Potassium iodide

• expectorant

• solubilizer in iodine solution

Potassium nitrate (KNO3)

• Salitre, salt peter

• salt prunelle; preservative

Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

• mineral chameleon

• oxidizing agent

• volumetric solution in permanganometry

Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H4O6)

• rochelle’s salt, siegnette salt

• sequestring agent, cathartic

Potassium thiocyanate (KSCN)

• hypotensive agent in potassium

Sulfurated Potash

• liver of sulfur

• mixture of K polysulfides and K2S2O3

• use in preparation of white lotion

• treatment of parasitic infection

• treatment of acne & psoriasis

White lotion

• with ZnSO4 and ZnS

Ammonium

• hypothetical alkali metal

PHARMACOLOGY

• diuretics

• buffer

• expectorant

• anti-cariogenic

• Household NH3, NH3 H2O, dil. NH3 sol’n (10%)

• acetic acid - 6%

Haber’s process

method of preparation for ammonium

Ammonium carbonate (NH4)2CO3

• sal volatile

• salt of hartshorn

• preparation of aromatic NH3 spirit

• respiratory stimulant

• baker’s ammonia

Aromatic NH3

spirit of hartshorn

Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl)

• muriate of hartshorn

• urinary acidifier

Ammoniated Mercury

• white precipitate

• topical anti-infective

Ammonium iodide

NH4I

Ammonium acetate (NH4CH3COO)

Spirit of mindererus

Cesium

catalyst in polymerization of resin forming materials

Rubidium

used in the manufacture of vacuum tubes and cathode ray tubes (CRTs), and is used in some atomic clocks

Francium

due to its instability and rarity, there are no commercial applications for this

Coinage Metal

Group IB is also known as?

Group IB (Coinage metal)

• employed for ornamental and coinage purposes

• free metal state

• readily act as central unit of complexes/chelates

Copper

• only reddish color metal

• 3rd malleable

• 3rd best conductor of electricity

• used in H2O purification

• occurs in respiratory pigment (hemocyanin, cytochrome oxidase)

PHARMACOLOGY

• protein precipitant

• enhance absorption/utilization of iron

brown

Cu+ (color)

blue

Cu+2 (color)

Alloys

solution of 2 or more metals

Brass

Cu + Zn

Bronze

Cu + Sn

Wilson’s disease

Copper poisoning

Penicillamine

Antidote for Wilson’s disease/ copper poisoning

Copper sulfate (CuSO4)

• blue stone, blue vitriol

• used in preparation of Benedict'‘s, Fehling’s, Barfoed’s (for reducing sugar)

• Cu+2 - Cu2O (+) brick red precipitate

• local emetic

• combine with iron for hematinic property

• Antidote for phosphorus poisoning

• algicide and fungicide in swimming pool

Phosphorus poisoning

• luminous vomiting

• garlic odor

CuSO4 + Ca(OH)2

Bordeaux mixture

Copper aceto arsenate

• Paris green

• insecticide

Cuprous citrate

astringent preparation of copper

Silver

• Argentum

• shining/bright

• only metal with oligodynamic action

• protein precipitant

• 2nd most malleable metal

• 2nd best conductor of electricity

Argyria

• Toxicity of silver

• darkening of skin

Sodium chloride (NaCl)

Antidote for Silver toxicity (Argyria)

Silver nitrate (AgNO3)

• Lapiz infernularis

• Lunar caustic

• Indelible Ink

• Caustic pencil

PHARMACOLOGY

• treatment of warts

• antiseptic for eye of baby with gonorrheal mother

Ammoniacal silver nitrate

• Howe’s solution

• dental protective and desensitizing agent

Tollen’s reagent

(+) silver mirror

Silver iodide

• Germicide

• silver proteinates

Mild Ag protein

• Argyrol

• 19-25% antiseptic

Strong Ag protein

• Protargol

• 7.5-8.5% germicide for ears and throat

Colloidal Ag protein

• Collargol

• 18-22% general germicide

Gold

• Shining dawn

• King of all metals

• most malleable and ductile

• best conductor of electricity

• Aurothioglucose

• Gold sodium thiomaleate

• AuranOfin

Gold preparations used in treatment of arthritis

Aqua regia

• composed of 3 HCl : 1 HNO3

• dissolves gold