LIPIDS AND FATS

Lipids

A group of organic molecules; nonpolar

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen

Chemicals under Lipids

energy storage, cell structure, chemical signalling

Main role of lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

Major types of Lipids

Energy storage, Structural components, Chemical messengers, Protection and insulation, Vitamin absorption

Function of Lipids

Simple lipids, Compound/Complex lipids, Derived lipids, Steroids and Sterols

Classification of Lipids

Simple Lipids

These are the basic esters of fatty acids with alcohols

Simple Lipids

Mainly function as a storage of stored energy

Triglycerides, Waxes

Example of Simple Lipids

Compound/Complex Lipids

These lipids contain additional elements, such as phosphorus, nitrogen, or sugars, along with fatty acids and alcohol

Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Lipoproteins

Examples of Compound/Complex Lipids

Derived Lipids

These are substances obtained from the breakdown of simple or compound lipids

Derived Lipids

They are important for producing hormones and maintaining cell structure

Fatty acids, Glycerol, Steroids, Fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K

Example of Derived Lipids

Steroids

They serve as hormones, signaling molecules, and components of cell membrane

Sterols

Special steroids with an alcohol group that help stabilize cell membranes and serve as building blocks for hormones.

Cholesterol, Bile Salts, Hormones

Example of Steroids & Sterols

Based on Saturation and Based on Origin

2 Classification of Fats

Saturated Fats, Unsaturated Fats, Trans Fat

3 Fats Based on Saturation

Animal Fats, Plant Fats

2 Fats Based on Origin

Saturated Fats

No double bonds in their fatty acids chains; solid at room temp.

Butter

Example of Saturated fats

Unsaturated Fats

Have one or more double bonds; Usually liquid at room temp.

Nuts, seeds, vegetable oils

Example of Unsaturated Fats

Monounsaturated and Polyunsaturated

2 types of Unsaturated Fats

Monounsaturated

One double bond of Unsaturated fats

Polyunsaturated

Multiple double bonds of Unsaturated fats

Olive oil

Example of Monounsaturated

Sunflower oil

Example of Polyunsaturated

Trans Fat

Artificially produced; found in some processed and fried foods; considered unhealthy

Animal Fats

Come from meat, dairy, and fish; Tend to be high in saturated fat

Plant Fats

Found in seeds, nuts, and fruits like avocado; mostly unsaturated, considered healthier

Animal Sources, Plant Sources, Processed Sources

Three main source of Lipids and Fats

Meat and poultry, dairy products, egg yolk, fatty fish

Animal Sources

Vegetable oils, nuts, seeds, avocado, soy products

Plant Sources

Margarine, shortening, baked goods, fried foods

Processed Sources

Fish (salmon, sardines), nuts and seeds, avocado, olive oil

Healthy Processed sources

Fatty cuts or red meat, excess butter, food with trans fat (processed snacks, margarine)

Unhealthy Processed sources

METABOLISM

Metabolism is the sum total of all biochemical reactions that occur within a living organism to sustain life.

METABOLISM

is the process by which your body converts food and drinks into energy.

METABOLISM

It has a PURPOSE of converting food into energy, build and repair tissues, and eliminate waste.

Catabolism and Anabolism

Two types of Metabolism

Catabolism

Breaks down complex molecules into simpler ones

Releases energy (e.g., breakdown of glucose)

Glycolysis, β-oxidation

Example of Catabolism

Anabolism

Builds complex molecules from simpler ones

Requires energy (e.g., protein synthesis, DNA replication)

Lipogenesis, Gluconeogenesis

Example of Anabolism

• Energy Production: Converts nutrients to ATP

• Biosynthesis: Creates necessary cellular molecules (e.g., enzymes, hormones)

• Waste Removal: Detoxifies and eliminates by-products

• Cellular Repair & Growth

• Homeostasis: Maintains internal balance (pH, temperature, glucose)

Functions of Metabolism