BIO-217: Physiology Exam 1

physiology is

the science of HOW the body works

proper functioning of one part depends on?

the function of a different part or parts

levels of organization in the body

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

cells are classified into four groups:

neurons, muscle cells, epithelial cells, connective tissue cells

neurons transmit signals for

communication

multipolar neurons have

multiple dendrites and one axon

unipolar neurons have

short single process leaving the cell body

muscle cells are specialized to

contract

muscle cells can be

voluntary or involuntary

epithelium is

a sheet-like layer of cells

epithelium lines

EXTERNAL body surfaces

epithelium lines

hollow organs or vessels (like the lumen)

epithelium functions as

a barrier and a transport membrane

glands are formed by

epithelium

exocrine glands

have ducts and secrete sweat or salivary

endocrine glands

have no ducts and are inside; like hormones

the most diverse of the four tissues

connective tissue

connective tissue is characterized by

extracellular matrix

connective tissue:

anchors and links structures of the body like bones and tendons

examples of external environment

- air in the lungs

- urine in the bladder

- food in the stomach

the internal environment is

the immediate environment of most cells

interstitial fluid is

fluid around all cells other than blood cells

plasma is

fluid around blood cells

exchange between blood & external environment happens in

- lungs

- gastrointestinal tract

- kidneys

kidneys have reabsorption why?

because it was filtered in the beginning

sodium increases

blood pressure

TBW

means total body water

TBW contains

- water & dissolved materials

- intracellular fluid

- extracellular fluid

total body water is

ALL of the fluids

intracellular fluid means

fluid inside cells

extracellular fluid means

fluid outside cells but within the body

extracellular fluid is considered the

internal environment

subdivisions of extracellular fluid

plasma and interstitial fluid

what percent of your total body weight is TBW

60%

physiology is

the maintenance of constant internal environment of your body in an external variable condition

to maintain homeostasis

it requires organ system integration (working together)

regulated variable means

the aspect that is maintained during homeostasis

set point means

the expected value of a regulated variable (blood ph, body temp)

the error signal in homeostasis is..

difference between the value of the set point and the value of the regulated variable

negative feedback during homeostasis

- is an on and off system

what structures enable homeostasis

receptors (detection), integrating centers, effectors, signals

what organ is the integrating center for the whole body

the CNS

integrating centers..

orchestrates an appropriate response

afferent signal is

the message that your receptor will detect and send to your brain

efferent signal is

the signal that is sent to the effector

positive feedback is

on until the job is done

what is metabolism?

sum of all chemical reactions in the body

reactants or substrates come together to make

a product

catabolic reactions

breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones

anabolic reactions

build up large chemicals and require energy

storing is considered

anabolic

types of metabolic reactions

Hydrolysis & Condensation

Phosphorylation & Dephosphorylation

Oxidation & Reduction

Hydrolysis is a _______ reaction.

catabolic

condensation is a ____ reaction

anabolic

hydrolysis

the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water.

condensation

The change from a gas to a liquid

phosphorylation

The metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.

dephosphorylation

removal of a phosphate group from a molecule

oxidation-reduction

Also known as redox; a chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced (by losing oxygen) and the reducing agent is oxidized (by gaining oxygen).

Which of the following is the smallest living unit of the

body?

cells

Which of the following is NOT an epithelial

structure?

the sciatic nerve

The protein X is only detectable inside the glial cells. Why is protein X not also detected in the extracellular

fluid?

The glial cell membrane is not permeable to protein X, and it is not actively transported out of the cell.

Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body

maintains a constant internal environment.

Which of the following does NOT describe a part of post-transcriptional

processing?

formation of bonds between a phosphate group and a sugar

The process whereby a complementary mRNA is produced from a DNA template is

called

transcription

Which of the following components of the plasma membrane forms ion

channels?

transmembrane proteins

Which of the following is NOT an integral membrane

protein?

actin

Which of the following is NOT an amphipathic

molecule?

glucose

positive feedback

A physiological control mechanism in which a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change.

negative feedback

a mechanism of response in which a stimulus initiates reactions that reduce the stimulus (maintains homeostasis)

cells are derived from

the fertilized ovum

plasma membrane separates

the cell and the external environment

cytoplasm is

everything within the cell including the organelles, but not the nucleus.

cytosol is

the liquid portion within the cell, not including the organelles.

the plasma membrane is

a phospholipid bilayer surrounding the cell

hydrophilic means

Attracted to water

Hydropholic means

water loving

plasma membrane is important to

barrier to passage of water-soluble substances

lipid soluable also means it is

non-polar, lipophilic, & hydrophobic

h2o soluable also means it is

polar, lipophobic, & hydrophilic

if the receptor is on the cell surface of the cell membrane that means

it is water soluble

if the receptor is on the inside of the cell membrane that means

it is lipid soluble

aquaporins are

Water channel proteins that provide cell membrane permeability to water.

cholesterol adds ____ to the cell membrane

fluidity

cholesterol

interferes with hydrophobic interactions between phospholipids

amphipathic

having hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts

examples of transmembrane proteins

channels and carrier proteins

differences between channels and carrier proteins

-channels do not require energy, carriers do

-channels are faster transport, carriers are slower

-channels are for small materials, while carries are larger materials

voltage-gated means

if you change the volt, it will open the gate of the channel

receptors are

easily dissociated from the cell membrane

carbohydrates

are covalently bound to membrane lipids or proteins

nucleolus is the site of

ribosomal RNA synthesis

nucleus is

the site of all genetic information & DNA

chromatin helps

DNA molecules packs inside the nucleus as chromosomes

function of cytosol

distributes materials by diffusion; stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials

membranous organelles are

covered with plasma membrane, isolated from cytosol

non-membranous organelles are

not enclosed by a membrane and always in touch with the cytosol.

endoplasmic reticulum function

Transport channels in the cell

-transports synthesized proteins and lipids to other parts of the cell

golgi apparatus function

modifies, packages, stores, and transports lipids made by Smooth ER

mitochondria function

powerhouse of the cell, ATP production