Intro Soci Exam 3

Core Nations

Dominant capitalist countries, highly industrialized, technological, and urbanized

Debt Accumulation

Is the buildup of external debt, wherein countries borrow money from other nations to fund their expansion or growth goals

Debt Bondage

Or bonded labor, the poor pledge themselves as servants in exchange for the cost of basic necessities like transportation, room, and board

Dependency Theory

Was created in part as a response to the Western-centric mindset of modernization theory. It states that global inequality is primarily caused by core nations (or high-income nations) exploiting semi-peripheral and peripheral nations (or middle-income and low-income nations) which creates a cycle of dependence

Extreme Poverty

Lack even the basic necessities, which typically include adequate food, clean water, safe housing, and access to healthcare

First World

A term from the Cold War era that is used to describe industrialized capitalist democracies

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality between countries using a 100 point scale, in which 1 represents complete equality and 100 represents the highest possible inequality

Global Feminization Of Poverty

A pattern that occurs when woman bear a disproportionate percentage of the burden of poverty

Gender Inequality

Inequalities based on sexual orientation and gender identity exist around the globe. According to Amnesty International, a number of crimes are committed against individuals who don’t conform to traditional gender roles or sexual orientations

Global Inequality

Concentrates resources within certain nations and among certain people

Global Stratification

Unequal distribution among nations

Gross National Income (GNI)

The income of a nation calculated based on goods and services produced, plus income earned by citizens and corporations headquartered in that country

Modernization Theory

Low—income countries are affected by their lack of industrialization and can improve their global economic standing through, an adjustment of cultural values and attitudes to work, industrialization and other forms of economic growth

Relative Poverty

A state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society’s average standard of living

Second War

In between category, nations not as limited in development as the third world but not as well off as the first world, having moderate economies and standard of living

Subjective Poverty

Poverty that is composed of many dimensions; it is subjectively present when you are actual income does not meet your expectations and perceptions

Third World

The poorest, most undeveloped countries

Underground Economy

A loosely defined unregulated market unhindered by taxes, government permits, or human protections

Functional Perspective Of Global Inequality

Inequality serves important functions in maintaining social order and promoting efficiency

Antiracist

A person who opposes racism and acts for racial justice

Assimilation

Describes the process by which a minority individual or group gives up its own identity by taking on the characteristics of the dominant culture

Colorism

A form of racism, in which someone believes one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

Culture Of Prejudice

Refers to the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

Discrimination

Consists of actions against a group of people

Dominant Group

Often Substituted for the group that represents rulers or is in the majority who can access power and privilege in a given society

Ethnicity

Based on shared culture—the practices, norms, values, and beliefs of a group that might include shared language, religion, and traditions, among other commonalities

Expulsion

Refers to a subordinate group being forced, by a dominant group, to leave a certain area or country

Genocide

Deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group, is the most toxic intergroup relationship

Intersection Theory

Originally articulated in 1989 by Kimberle Crenshaw, which suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

Minority Group

“Any group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the society in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination”

Model Minority

Stereotype is applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching significant educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without challenging the existing establishment

Pluralism

Represented by the ideal of the United States as a “salad bowl”: a great mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the flavor of the whole

Prejudice

Refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group

Racial Profiling

The use of race alone to determine whether detain or investigate someone

Racial Steering

In which real estate agents direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

Racism

A stronger type of prejudice and discrimination used to justify inequalities against individuals by maintaining that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others; it is a set of practices used by a racial dominant group to maximize advantages for itself by disadvantaging racial minority groups

Redlining

The practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and businesses located in predominately minority communities, while sedimentation of racial inequality describes the intergenerational impact of both practical and legalized racism that limits the abilities of Black people to accumulate wealth

Scapegoat Theory

Developed initially from Dollard’s (1939) Frustration-Aggression theory, suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

Segregation

The physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

Social Construction Of Race

The school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

Stereotypes

Are oversimplified generalizations about groups of people

Systemic Racism

Institutional racism embedded in social institutions

White Privilege

The benefits people receive by being a White person or being perceived to be a White person

Biological Determinism

The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology

Doing Gender

When people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them

Double Standard

The concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

Gender

Refers to behaviors, personal traits, and social positions that society attributes to being female or male

Gender Identity

A person’s deeply held internal perception of one’s gender

Gender Role

Refers to society’s concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave

Glass Ceiling

An invisible barrier that women encounter when trying to win jobs in the highest level of business

Heterosexism

Herek (1990) suggests is both an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations

Homophobia

An extreme or irrational aversions to homosexuals

Misogyny

This is the hatred of or, aversion to, or prejudice against women

Pay Gap

The difference in earnings between men and women

Sex

Refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, including both primary sex characteristics (the reproductive system) and secondary characteristics such as height and muscularity

Sexism

Prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another

Sexual Orientation

Is their physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a partical sex

Sexuality

A person’s capacity to experience sexual feelings and attraction

Social Construction Of Sexuality

The way in which socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior shape the way people see and experience sexuality

Transgender

People’s sex assigned at birth and their gender identity are not necessarily the same