music history exam two

baroque period (1600-1750)

term baroque is derives from barrocco, misshapen pearl, first applied to architectural ornamentation

expansion of patronage in two areas

nobility began using music as part of prestige displays that were unprecedented in size, an expanding middle class not only continued to purchase printed music for their own use, but also paid to go hear it

baroque music grew out of the ideals of __, it embodied the same desire to epxress emotions

mannerism

every piece should convey a single predominant __ or affect

emotion

baroque musicians sought to recover the effects of the music of the __

antiquity

they sought to make their music more expressive and powerful than before through arousing the ___, emotional states of the soul such as sadness, excitement

affections

composers sought to do this through radical changes in ____

texture, timbre, and harmony

seconda prattica

derives from composer monteverdi, composer activie in venice, who used it in the introduction to his fifth book of madrigals

it was used to refer to style of ______ that placed expression of the emotional context of the text about all else

polyphony

contrasted this style with the ___ essentially the style of the middle madrigal, casulana

prima prattica

characteristics of the seconda prattica

rythmn matches rythmn of speech, melody: often very florid, with increased emphasis on virtuoisty and ornamentation always for expressing emotion, harmony: sudden harmonic shifts, suited to the text nearly functional (tonal) in its conceptions, in part because of the way it was composed, texture: basso continuo

basso continuo

solo vocal line above a notated bass line, implied harmonies were filled in or “continued” by a plucked-string instrument

monteverdi’s cruda amarilli

long dialouge between lovers mirtillo and amaryllis, mirtillo is speaking of amaryllis’s bitterness, too many cadences and unprepared dissonances

monody: giulio and francesca caccini

new approach to madrigal and new vocal genres involved a basso continuo texture, single voice = monody, new expression of the text’s meaning involved new approach to harmony and ornamentation

giulio caccini

played an important role in explaining the new vocal style in his II nouve musiche, played a role in invention of recitative style of singing intregral to baroque opera, daughter was Francesca is the first female composer with a surviving opera

francesca caccini, lasciatemi qui solo

work is an aria, strophic form, hallmarks of baroque monody, basso continuo texture, elaborate vocal ornamentation, expression of one overall affect, and dramatic shifts in harmony

biagio marini, sonata IV per il violino per sonar due corde (1629)

marini worked for monteverdi in venice, work demonstrates: influence of vocal music on instrumental music, increase in idiomatic writing for instruments, and an increased attention to virtuosity

association of music with drama goes back to 

classical antiquity

madrigal cycles

existed for some time by 1600, these were sets of madrigals that present a story with narrative and dialogue

a group known as the florentine camerata has created ___ and invented ___

monody and recitative

recitative

largely syllabic style of singing in which greater emphasis is given to the declamation of the text then the melodic line

members of the camerata (including Giulio Caccini) each claimed to have composed the first ___

opera

earliest operas

mixture of recitative, polyphonic madrigals, arias (strophic at that time), choruses, and instrumental interludes, but most were dominated by recitative and not very satisfying dramatically or musically

monteverdi’s orfeo (1607)

first opera that seems to have been regarded as dramatically and musically satisfying in its own day, based on orpheus myth, produced at court in mantua, employs aria with ritornelli, recitative, and chorus

monteverdi’s orfeo makes use of ____ specified by the composer and a fully array of instruments

timbral contrasts 

janissary music (mehter)

a turkish military percussion ensemble in use from the 14th through the 19th centuries by the janissaries, represented the first impression of turkish culture for many europeans

mehter musical elements

melodies were played and sung monophonically, incisive timbre, several types of drums play subdivisions of the beat, system of modes was complex, westerners heard sudden shifts of major and minor, initial rythmn of the melodies is often three notes played at level of basic pulse, form is rondeau-like, repeats

french baroque opera

special qualities shaped by use of arts by monarchs as propaganda and social control and role of dance in french societ

louis xiv

an absolute monarch, controlled france from 1661 until his death in 1715, kept them focused on dance, court ceremony, and musical flattery

melodies in french opera aren’t ___ as a rule, ___ is what exhibits vocal virtuosity

melismatic, ornamentation

jean-baptiste lully (1632-1687) le bourgeois gentilhomme (1670)

louis’s primary court composer, collaboration with moliere led to many sucessful comedies-ballets and tragedies lyrique

le bourgeois gentilhomme (1670)

discusses whether or not merit is conferred by nobility, pieces are part of a hoax played on the protagnist, jourdain by his daughter’s lover cleonte, who doesn’t meet jourdain’s standards of rank, he disguises himself as son of the sultan of turkey and sues for his lady’s hand in that exalted character, winds up being unsucessful for louis since the music is too much like french music 

antonio vivaldi (1678-1741) orlando furioso (1727)

vivaldi’s principal position was a teacher, composer, and conductor at venice’s pio ospedale della pieta, an orphanage for girls

vivaldi was a virtuoso violinist, master teacher, and renowned composer of ___

operas, cantatas, concertos, and sacred music

opera alternates recitative with ___ (ABA form) arias with highly melismatic melodies, features castrati singers in male roles and highly virtuosic singing

da capo 

new baroque genres

cantata, concerto, oratorio

cantata

alternation of recitatives and arias

concerto

an instrumental work contrasting a soloist or group of soloist (solo concerto), or group of soloists (concerto grosso) with a large ensemble 

oratorio

essentially an unstaged opera on a sacred subject developed to take the place of opera during lent

example of oratorio is the passion

an oratorio depicting the suffering of jesus leading up to the crucification, chanted in plainsong for centuries before, but the practice was combined with the concept of oratorio in the baroque era

barbara strozzi l, eraclito amoroso from cantae, ariette, e duetti (1651)

father was guilio strozzi who was a poet and librettist, she studied with francesco cavalli, important opera composer, was among the first women to have music published entirely under her name starting in 1644

strozzi composed madrigals, cantatas, arias for mostly ______

solo voice and continuo

strozzi’s cantatas contain a variety of vocal styles _____

recitative, arioso, and aria, depending on whether text is prose or poetry, as well as many shifts in rythmn, unmeasured or measured, duple to triple

L’eraclito amoroso uses ___ or ___ a repeated pattern in the bass and harmony in several sections

bassio ostinato or ground bass

vivaldi, concerto for two violoncellos in g minor

ritornello form, varied restatements in different keys of a ritornello (refrain) usually scored for the full ensemble, alternate with modulating episodes of free thematic character, where a soloist predominates 

Johann Sebastian bach (1685-1750)

works were composed for use in his positions and didn’t circulate, considered himself a composer of sacred music, known as an organ virtuoso, consultant an organ construction, and keyboard composer

what is bach’s surviving output?

2 passions, several masses, 200 church cantatas, 20 secular cantatas, 200 organ chorales, 70 other works for organ, concertos, and keyboard publications

bach’s st. matthew passion (1727)

a passion is by this stage an oratorio combing recitative, aria, chorales, choruses, and orchestral accompaniment

bach’s passion was performed as part of the liturgy on ___ the traditional anniversary of the crucifixion

good friday

though bach apparently set the passion story from each of the four gospels, only the settings of ____ survive

john and matthew

the libretto is a combination of the biblical text as translated by ____ and additional texts assembled and written by Picander

Martin Luther

evangelist

a tenor singing secco recitative and serving as narrator

jesus

a bass singing in recitative that is normally accompanied by a “halo of strings” either secoo, arioso, or accompagnato = with instrumental accompainment beyond basso continuo

choir

either as the crowd or as commentators/the congregation singing a chorale (four voices)

solo singers

offering meditative commentary, either in the form of recit, aria, or both

today, film is often used to convey the kind of ____ content Bach is conveying through music

emotional 

bach’s passion have been criticized for ___, which is ultimately derived from the new testament, our examples of these come from the portion depicting the trial and denial of peter

antisemitism

manuel zumaya (1678-1755)

he was a mixed-race child prodigy at Mexico city cathedral, singer, organist, and multi-instrumentalist, become maestro de capilla in mexico city in 1715, involved in composition and adaptation of operas

zumaya was equally at home in ___ and baroque music

renaissance polyphony

zumaya’s celebren, publiquen

the medieval english carol, the villancico is an old genre that has become associated nearly exclusively with Christmas

form of villancico

ABBA, a section is known as the estribillo, two b sections are known as the coblas

the a section of publiquen returns after two b sectionsm functioning like a ___

ritornello 

estribillo

a tutti section, with a seven-voice choir, trumpet, three violins, and bass, while the b sections are alto/tenor duets

classical period (1750-1825)

the term comes from latin, classicus meaning “highest class” and meant formal discipline (balance and proportion), model of excellence, greek or latin antiquity

18th century, classical period came to stand for a particular canon of works in performance, supposedly distinguishable by ____

quality and age

in 19th century, classical ___ opposed it with romantic (which was viewed negatively) also identified it with viennese composers, especially haydn, mozart, and betthoven

partisans

the symphony

“extended work for orchestra” evolved from opera overtures, which were often played without opera, initial form was 3 movements, tempi were fast-slow-fast, later a minuet and trio movement was added in 3rd position

sonata form

becomes a standard way to organize first and sometimes last movements, genre closely tied to enlightenment ideals

carl philipp emmanuel bach (1714-1788)

more famous during his life than his father had been, employed by the frederick 11, king of prussia, at his berlin court, then as the cantor of the city of hamburg in 1768

bach participated in two important musical movements

empfindsamkeit: aims to ahcieve an intimate, sensitive, and subjective expression and sturm und drang: artistic aim to frighten, to sun, to overcome with emotion

C.P.E. Bach, Symphony in e flat

written during berlin period, oboe and horn parts were probably added during the hamburg period, form is similar to opera overtures: fast-slow-fast, form of first movement is related to ritornello form, non-ritornello thematic material is very short, considerable modulation in the middle of the movement

ritornello form

musical structure popular in baroque period, which alternates a reccuring, principal theme (ritornello) with contrasting musical sections called episodes

christoph willibald gluck, overture to la rencontre imprevue (1764)

first in a series of “seraglio-abduction” operas in late 18th century vienna, overture has several janissary/mehter characteristics: first three measures have sustained notes at twice the level of the basic pulse, ornamental passages of oscillating thirds, cymbals are used to punctuate high notes, often in a parodic way, works better as a parody than lully’s

joseph bologne, chevalier de saint-george (1745-1799)

son of a guadeloupe planter and an african enslaved mother, nanon to france, almost made music director of the paris opera, ran a professional ensemble in the 1780’s that commissioned haydn’s paris symphonies

st. george symphony op.11 in d major (1777)

work has all of the hallmarks of a classical symphony, first movement served as the overture to his 1780 opera L’amant anonyme, scored for strings, oboes, and horns, sonata form

wolfgang amadeus mozart, piano sonata no.11 in a major

possibly mozart’s most famous piano sonata, opening movement is a theme and variations, second is a minuet and trio, final movement is a rondo “alla turca” that may have the strongest relationship to mehter of an turkish composition in the western repertory, composed around the same time as many piano builders were adding “janissary stops” to their instruments, approaching 1783 centennial of the 1683 siege of vienna may have played a role in all the interest in turkish music