Immune System and Infectious Diseases Study Guide
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43 Terms
What is the purpose of the immune system?
To protect the body from pathogens.
What is innate immunity?
A broad, non-specific defense present from birth.
What is adaptive immunity?
A specific, targeted immune response to particular pathogens.
What makes up the first line of defense?
Skin, mucous membranes, expulsions.
Why is skin an effective barrier?
Acidic pH, salt, lysozyme, normal flora.
What is included in the second line of defense?
Interferons, complement, fever, phagocytosis.
What does fever do?
Slows pathogen growth and accelerates immune reactions.
What do helper T cells do?
Activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells.
What does HIV target?
Helper T cells.
What do cytotoxic T cells do?
Kill virus-infected cells via apoptosis.
What is apoptosis?
Programmed cell death.
What do interferons do?
Warn nearby cells of viral infection.
What do complement proteins do?
Cause inflammation and destroy pathogens.
What is the MAC?
Membrane attack complex that punches holes in cells.
What is the goal of phagocytosis?
Engulf and digest pathogens.
What do B cells produce?
Antibodies.
How many antibodies can humans create?
10–20 billion.
What are memory B cells?
Long-lived cells enabling rapid future responses.
What do plasma cells do?
Produce antibodies and die.
What is selective toxicity?
Drug harms bacteria without harming human cells.
What is antibiotic resistance?
Bacteria survive despite antibiotics.
What are the three resistance strategies?
Prevent uptake, break drug down, overproduce target.
What is an opportunistic infection?
Infection exploiting weakened immunity.
Why don't antibiotics treat viruses?
Viruses lack bacterial structures.
What does Penicillin target?
Cell wall synthesis.
What does Vancomycin target?
Cell wall.
What does Polymyxin B target?
Cell membrane.
What does Ciprofloxacin target?
DNA replication.
What does Tetracycline target?
Ribosomes.
What is a prion?
Misfolded infectious protein.
Why can't the immune system detect prions?
They resemble normal proteins.
Why are prions hard to destroy?
They resist heat, chemicals, and immunity.
How do prions replicate?
Convert normal proteins into misfolded forms.
What disease does BSE cause?
Mad Cow Disease.
What is Kuru?
Prion disease linked to cannibalism.
What is Chronic Wasting Disease?
Prion disease in deer.
What is Scrapie?
Sheep prion disease.
What is Jakob disease?
Human prion disease.
What is Ascaris lumbricoides?
A giant intestinal roundworm.
How is Ascaris transmitted?
Fecal–oral ingestion.
What happens after eggs are swallowed?
Larvae steal nutrients.
Is Ascaris common in the U.S.?
No.
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