Chapter 10 Psychology Human Development

Development

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death

Prenatal Development

What takes place before birth

How long is the prenatal period

conception to birth

Germinal Stage

the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Placenta

A structure that allows an embryo to be nourished with the mother's blood supply

embryonic stage

The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month.

In what stage of conception do most vital organs and bodily systems begin to form,

Embryonic Stage

fetal stage

The third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth.

The three stages of conception in order

Germinal stage, Embryonic Stage, Fetal Stage

Maternal Nutrition

Malnutrition linked to increased risk of birth complications, neurological problems, and psychopathology

Maternal emotions

the fetus experiences same sensation as the mother; stress, fear, anxiety

Can babies be born addicted to drugs

Yes

fetal alcohol syndrome

Collection of congenital (inborn problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy.

Maternal Illness

The placenta screens out many infectious agents but not all.

Environmental Toxins

Exposure to environmental toxins while in the womb can cause impairments

Motor Development

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Maturation

Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one’s genetic blueprint

Developmental Norms

The typical age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities

Cultural variations

Show that environmental factors can accelerate or slow early motor development

Attachment

The close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers

Separation Anxiety

Emotional distress is seen in infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

What do behaviorists believe in when it comes to attachment?

Attachment develops because mothers are associated with the reinforcing event of being fed

What is Harry Harlow’s theory

Contact comfort. disproved the behaviorist theory using monkeys

John Bowlby’s attachment theory

Infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior that adults are programmed to respond to affectionately and protectively.

What are Mary Ainsworth 3 patterns of attachment

Secure Attachment

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment (Resistant Attachment)

Avoidant Attachment

Secure attachment

Play and explore comfortably with their mother present, becomes visibly upset when she leaves.

Anxious-Ambivalent attachment (Resistant Attachment)

Appear anxious even when their mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves but are not comforted when she returns.

Avoidant Attachment

Seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves.

Which pattern is the most common

Secure Attachment

Fast Mapping

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

Overextension

Child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Underextension

Child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Telegraphic speech

Early sentences, which consist mainly of content words

Overregulization

Occurs when a child incorrectly generalizes grammatical rules to irregular cases where they do not apply

Stage

It is a developmental period during which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established

Cognitive Development

Transitions in patterns of thinking, including reasoning, remembering and problem solving

Erickson’s has how many stages of theory?

8

What are the four stages of Piagets Theory

Sensorimotor Period

Preoperational Period

Concrete operational Period

Formal operational Period

Sensorimotor period

First stage of piaget’s theory begins at birth and ends at 2 years of age

Object Permanence

Objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible

Preoperational Period

Second stage of Piaget’s theory, from 2 to 7 years old. Emphasizes the shortcomings

Conservation

Physical qualities remain constant despite a change in their shape or appearance

Why are kids not able to solve conservation problems

Centration: Focus on one feature of a problem

Irreversibility: Inability to envision reversing an action

Egocentrism: Cannot share another person’s viewpoint

Animism

The thought that all things are living

Concrete operational period

3rd stage of Piaget’s theory from 7-11 years old

Formal Operational Period

4th and last stage of Piaget’s theory, goes from 11- adulthood

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural theory

Social interaction and culture influence cognitive development

What are the three levels of Kohlberg’s theory

Preconventional

Conventional

Postconventional

What are James Marcia’s four identity statuses

Identity Diffusion

Identity Foreclosure

Identity Moratorium

Identity Achievement

Identity Diffusion

No commitment to an ideology

Identity Foreclosure

Premature commitment to vision, values and roles

Identity Moratorium

Delay of commitment to experiment with careers and ideologies

Identity Achievement

Sense of self and direction