Ch. 12 - vocab

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19 Terms

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Genetically modified organism

a plant, animal or microbe in which one or more changes have been made to the genome

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transformation

a process by which foreign genetic material is taken up by a cell

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Biotechnology

multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms

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Recombinant DNA

an artificially made DNA strand that is formed by the combination of two or more gene sequences

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Genetic engineering

Manipulation of an organism's genes by introducing, eliminating or rearranging specific genes using the methods of modern molecular biology

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Plasmid

small circular DNA molecule found in bacteria and some other microscopic organisms

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Vector

vector is any particle used as a vehicle to artificially carry a foreign nucleic sequence – usually DNA – into another cell

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DNA ligase

an enzyme that joins DNA strands through the formation of phosphodiester bonds in a process called DNA ligation

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Gene cloning

a common practice in molecular biology labs that is used by researchers to create copies of a particular gene for downstream applications

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Restriction enzyme

a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end

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Restriction site

a sequence of approximately 6–8 base pairs of DNA that binds to a given restriction enzyme

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Restriction fragments

DNA fragment resulting from the cutting of a DNA strand by a restriction enzyme

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Sticky end

a single-stranded end of DNA or RNA having a nucleotide base sequence complementary to that of another strand, enabling the two strands to be connected by base pairing

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Transgenic organism

an organism or cell whose genome has been altered by the introduction of one or more foreign DNA sequences from another species by artificial means

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Polymerase chain reaction

laboratory method used to make many copies of a specific piece of DNA from a sample that contains very tiny amounts of that DNA

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primer

short single-stranded nucleic acid used by all living organisms in the initiation of DNA synthesis

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Gel electrophoresis

DNA samples are loaded into wells (indentations) at one end of a gel, and an electric current is applied to pull them through the gel. DNA fragments are negatively charged, so they move towards the positive electrode.

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Genomics

a field of biology focused on studying all the DNA of an organism

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Human Genome Project

n international scientific research projects with the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human DNA, and of identifying, mapping and sequencing all of the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint