Georgia Social Studies 8 - 2nd Semester interim

Regions

Appalachian Platteau, Ridge and Valley, Blue Ridge, Piedmont, Coastal Plain

Physical features

K - Appalachian Mountains

J - Chattahoochee River

I - Savannah River

G - Fall Line

F - Okefenokee Swamp

H- Barrier Islands

Entrepreneur

A person who creates a business, taking on greater financial risks in order to do so

Budget

A detailed plan of how money should be used

Important Industries

1. Agriculture - MOST IMPORTANT

2. Manufacturing

3. Entertainment

4. Service

5. Technology

Voting Requirements

• Adult (18 or more y/o)

• US citizen

• Resident of GA and of district where you wish to vote for

• Not serving prison sentence due to felony convictions

• Not declared mentally incompetent

House of Representative Requirements and Term Length

∙ 21 years old 

∙ Resident of Georgia for two years

∙ Resident of district for one year

∙ U.S. Citizen 

. 2 years term

Senate Requirements and Term Length

. 25 years old 

∙ Resident of Georgia for two years

∙ Resident of district for one year

∙ U.S. Citizen 

. 2 years term

Governor Requirements and Term Length

• 30 years old

• US citizen for 15 years

• Resident of GA for 6 years

• 4 years term

• Has to take a break tern

Lieutenant Governor Requirements and Term Length

• 30 years old

• US citizen for 15 years

• Resident of GA for 6 years

• 4 years term

• Can serve unlimited terms consecutively

Law Making Process

1. Bill started as an idea and is created

2. Bill is formally introduced to one of the two chambers in the GGA

3. Bill is assigned to a standing committee to study and revise

4. Chamber will vote on bill

   1. YAY: approved, will go to next chamber

   2. NAY: disapproved, bill is killed

5. If YAY, bill is introduced to next chamber

6. Same process continues, committee will study the bill and put it to vote

7. If bill is approved by both chambers, it will go to Governor

8. Governor can:

   1. Sign: approve, bill will become law

   2. Veto: disapprove, bill will be sent back to the GGA to vote again

      1. Approve: override veto, bill still becomes law

      2. Disapprove: kill the bill

   3. Nothing: bill still becomes law after 40 days

Civil vs Criminal Law

Civil:

• Deals with dispute between private organizations and individuals

• The plaintiff usually seek for monetary compensation

• The defendant may be forced to testify

• “Preponderance of evidence”

Criminal:

• Deals with a law being violated (between government and individuals)

• The plaintiff (government) would seek for punishment

• The defendant has the right not to testify

• “Beyond a reasonable doubt”

Adult Criminal Justice Process

Pre-trial:

1. Arrest

2. Booking

3. Initial Appearance

4. Preliminary Hearing

5. Indictment

6. Assignment before Superior Court judge and Plead Bargain

   1. Guilty: no trial, will go straight to sentencing

   2. Not guilty: go to trial

Trial:

7. Selecting Jury

8. Opening Statement

9. Presentation of Evidence

10. Closing Statement

11. Jury deliberation and verdict

12. Sentencing

13. Appeal

Juvenile Justice Process

1. Intake

2. Release or Detained

3. Informal Adjustment

   1. If this is the first time law is violated, intake officer can decide to use informal adjustment, which would release them and put them on Court supervision for 90 days

4. Petition

5. Adjudication (Trial)

6. Disposition (Sentencing)

7. Appeal

Mississippian

Native Americans lived in GA, they are large scale farmers, traders, and organized themselves in a chiefdom society

Mississippian - Culture

Crops: Mainly plant three sisters: maize (corn), squash, bean

Shelter: Wattle and Daub

Live style: Mostly agriculture, some hunting, fishing, and gathering

Spanish Exploration

First European to go to GA: Hernando de Soto

Purposes: 3G’s: God, Gold, Glory

Impact: Was not successful in finding gold, but created a hostile relationship with the natives and also spread diseases to them, wiping out almost all of their population

Charter of 1732

Charter granted by King George the II to James Oglethorpe that establishes the GA colony

3 Purposes: philanthropy, economics, defense

Groups

Highland Scots: Scottish fighters, help defend the colony

Salzburgers: German speakers who seek religious freedom in the colony, known for their industriousness and were against slavery

Malcontents: Wealthy people that purchases their own land, support slavery

Jews: Were originally banned but later allowed because the colony needed a doctor to cure malaria

Causes of the Revolution

French and Indian War: war between Great Britain against France - Indians alliance. This costly war put Britain in debt, pushing further actions such as the Stamp Act, which upset the colonies

Proclamation of 1763: issued by Britain to prevent conflicts with the natives by setting the boundaries of the colonies east of the Mississippi River. This caused trouble because the colonies were expecting to gain more land

Stamp Act: placing taxes on everyday items that are made of paper. This upset the colonists as they were not represented in the Parliament, and they believed it was not fair

Declaration of Independence

3 Section

• Preamble: Stating the right of citizens, that they are allowed to replace the current government with a new want if they are not serving them well

• Grievances: States the wrong doings that King George the III has done to the colonies

• Declaration: Formally stating the independence of the 13 colonies and establishing the United States nation

Signers from GA: Lyman Hall, Button Gwinnett, George Walton

American Revolution Battles in GA

Battle of Kettle Creek:

• Patriots won, giving them much needed supplies and boosted morale

Siege of Savannah

• Loyalist and Britain won, they kept Savannah for the remainder of the war

Patriot vs Loyalist

Patriot: People who dislike Great Britain and wanted independence, created the Sons of Liberty, are mostly younger people

Loyalist: loyal with Great Britain, are mostly older people

• In Georgia, their were more Loyalist than Patriot

William McIntosh

Muscogee leader who signed a treaty that removes Indians from their land without the tribe’s consent. He was later killed

John Ross

Muscogee leader who tried to defend their land in US Supreme Court, however, he was not successful

John Marshall

A Justice of US Supreme Court, ruled that the Muscogee was an independent nation within the United States, therefore, the state has no authority over it.

Andrew Jackson

7th president of the United States, refused to carry out decision of the Supreme Court and led to the removal of the Muscogee

Dahlonega Gold Rush

First Gold Rush in the US. In 1829 – President Jackson signed Indian Removal Act, which removed any Indian from their land if gold was found on it

Worcester v GA

Samuel Worcester was a white missionary living on the Muscogee land, he was arrested and tried because he was living on native’s land without a license. The case later moved on to the Supreme Court, where justice John Marshall removed his conviction and declared that the Muscogee was an independent nation

Trails of Tears

Indians who were removed from their land will be forced to move West along this path, from the East to present day Oklahoma. Tenth of thousands of Indians have died along this path due to harsh conditions

Sequoyah’s syllabary

The alphabet of the Cherokee nation, shown as their attempt to establish a nation that models the United States with a constitution and a written language. However, this was still not enough to prevent them from being removed from their land.

Causes of The Civil War - Slavery

The root and most noticeable cause

• The North dislike slavery: it can harm their economy, and many abolitionists think it is unethical

• The South like slavery: they are free labor that helps the South agricultural economy, slave owners claim that it is their right to own slaves.

• The two region contrast opinions on slavery causes disagreement and make further conflicts to stem

Causes of Civil War - States’ Right

In the constitution, it is stated that: powers not delegated to the federal government are reserved to the states or the people.

• North: Dislike it because they believe that the federal government would not be able to pass law

• South: Like it because any power that was not granted to the federal government in the constitution would be granted to the states

  • Because the constitution didn’t specifically legalize or illegalize slavery, S. states use this as their reason to keep it

Causes of Civil War - Nullification

Tied with states’ rights, this is a belief that states could be able to nullify a federal law if it harms them

• North: Dislike it because they wanted to pass tariff on British goods to protect their industries

• South: Like it because they are dependent on Britain to export their agricultural products so they wanted to nullify the tariff

  • South Carolina even threaten to secede

Causes of the Civil War - Compromise of 1850

In 1849, California applied to join the Union as a free state, this will offset the balance between slave states and free states in Congress

A compromise was made as a deal that would give the South some benefits in turn of California joining the Union

• North: Will get California

• South: Will get Fugitive Slave Law

GA Platform: A document made by Georgia to convince other S. states to accept the Fugitive Slave Law, prevent a possible secession from happening right away

Causes of the Civil War - Fugitive Slave Law

An act passed by Congress that benefits the South in turn of CA joining the Union, where runaway slaves (fugitives) if caught in the North would have to be returned to their owner in the South.

Causes of the Civil War - Dred Scott case

Case where Supreme Court ruled that slaves were properties of the owner so being in a free state does not change that, it also overturn the Missouri Compromise by stating it is unconstitutional. This increased more tension between N. and S.

Union Blockade

Also known as “Anaconda Plan”, this will slowly destroy the South’s economy by preventing them from trading with France and Britain

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by President Abraham Lincoln, declares that the South has to surrender and they can keep their slaves, or continue fighting and they will be conquered by the Union army and also every slaves in the Confederate States will be freed.

Even though the Proclamation cannot free slaves if Confederate did not surrender, it still changes the purpose of the war to a fight against slavery, justifying the Union’s action and prevent other countries from supporting the South

Atlanta Campaign

Series of battle that leads the Union into occupying Atlanta, destroying the industrial and railroad center of the South and help them move one step closer to ending the war

March to The Sea

Lead by Union general William T. Sherman, as his army marched from Atlanta to Savannah, they will destroy every city they went through, this is to break the Confederate’s economy and morale, help ending the war faster

13th Amendment

Formally illegallize slavery withing the US territory

14th Amendment

Granting freedmen (former slaves) citizenship and equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

Give freedmen the right to vote

Rejoining of Georgia

Requirements:

• Has to ratify the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments

• Repeal the Ordinance of Secession

• At least 10% of the population take an oath of loyalty

• Write a new constitution

Problems with Georgia during Reconstruction

GA released black codes that limit the rights of black people

Refused to ratify the 14th amendment

Rise of Klu Klux Klan and violence against black people

• So Congress refused their readmission and put GA under military control

Bourbon Triumvirate

Three powerful individuals who switched roles between GA Governor and US Senator that dominated politics for 16 years

Henry Grady

Journalist, editor of the Atlanta Constitution. He wrote many editorials expressing his idea about the New South, believing that industrialization will help the South recover from the war

International Cotton Exposition

Created to show the resources that GA has in order to attract investment into the state

Tom Watson

Leader of Populist Party, supported the well being of common people before changing to white supremacist