BOT Exam 1

Cytology

study of cells

Morphology

study of form and structure

Taxonomy

The scientific study of how living things are classified

Bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants.

Gynosperm

Group of seed plants that bear their seeds directly on the scale of cones; naked seed

Angiosperms

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary. (largest group of plants in the animal kingdom)

Metabolism

All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism

shoot system

The aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and (in angiosperms) flowers.

root system

All of a plant's roots, which anchor it in the soil, absorb and transport minerals and water, and store food.

determinate growth

A type of growth characteristic of most animals and some plant organs, in which growth stops after a certain size is reached. (maximum size is genetically determined)

indeterminate growth

A type of growth characteristic of plants, in which the organism continues to grow as long as it lives.

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

eukaryotic endomembrane system

used to modify and move materials within the cell

Vesicles: (Peroxisomes, Lysosomes)

bud off the endomembrane and serve as units for diverse materials

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Grana

the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.

middle lemella

The thin film between the cell walls of adjacent plant cells.(pectin)

cell enlargement

the increase in size of a cell; cells grow to a certain size and then divide

secondary cell wall

In plant cells, a strong and durable matrix that is often deposited in several laminated layers around the plasma membrane and provides protection and support.

Lignin

substance in vascular plants that makes cell walls rigid

primary cell wall

In plants, a relatively thin and flexible layer first secreted by a young cell.

Plasmodesmata

channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

totipotent

Cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body.

meristematic tissue

undifferentiated plant tissue that is responsible for cell division

Meristems

regions of rapidly dividing cells

apical meristem

Embryonic plant tissue in the tips of roots and in the buds of shoots that supplies cells for the plant to grow in length.

Protoderm

gives rise to epidermis

ground meristem

the part of an apical meristem that gives rise to the ground tissue in the primary root

procambium

gives rise to the vascular tissue system

lateral meristem (cambium)

In Eudicots. Secondary Growth. Cylinder of cells around roots and shoots that

increases width/thickness.

vascular cambium

lateral meristematic tissue that produces vascular tissues and increases the thickness of the stem over time

cork cambium

replaces the epidermis with periderm, which is thicker and tougher

periderm

protective tissues that replace the epidermis in older regions of stems and roots

Scarification

breaking or softening a seed coat to allow absorption of moisture

artificial scarification

treat seeds with H2SO4, scrape with sandpaper or knife, soak in hot water

cotyledon

first leaf or first pair of leaves produced by the embryo of a seed plant

Germination

Early growth stage of a plant embryo

Monocots

angiosperms that have only one seed leaf

Dicot

An angiosperm that has two seed leaves

seed dormancy

due to physiological or hormonal effects, a seed may not germinate even under ideal conditions (suspended animation)

herbaceous

Having the characteristics of green and leafy plants such as herbs

hypocotyl

The part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle.

epigeous germination

Hypocotyl lengthens, bends and becomes hook-shaped.

Top of hook emerges from ground, pulling cotyledons above ground.

hypogeous germination

Hypocotyl remains short and cotyledons do not emerge above surface.

Vivipary

germination of seeds inside the fruit while still attached to the parent plant

Imbibition

the swelling and softening of tissues and organs as a result of absorbing moisture from adjacent sources

Allelopathy

a type of interference that occurs when organisms use chemicals to harm their competitors

fibrous root system

A root system common to monocots consisting of a mat of thin roots spreading out below the soil surface.

tap root system

type of root system with a main root that grows vertically with few lateral roots; found in dicots

endosperm

In angiosperms, a nutrient-rich tissue formed by the union of a sperm with two polar nuclei during double fertilization. Provides nourishment to the developing embryo in angiosperm seeds.

Embryogenesis

the formation and development of an embryo

proembryo

The early embryo which contributes the stem cells for vascular, ground, and

epidermal tissues, as well as the lateral root cap.

micropyle

The opening to the ovule in a flowering plant

embryo proper

the body of the developing offspring

globular stage

The stage of embryonic development that occurs before the embryo develops and is recognizable.

heart stage

the third stage of plant embryogenesis where cotyledons are formed and bilateral symmetry is established

torpedo stage

the fourth stage of plant embryogenesis where primary meristems are differentiated

radicle

An embryonic root of a plant.

hypocotyl

The part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle.

epicotyl

Part of the embryo in a seed that becomes the upper part of the stem and leaves

no heart stage

in monocots, this results in having a single cotyledons

integument

covering

hilium

where the seed was attached to the endocarp (inner layer of fruit)

micropyle

minute opening in the wall of an ovule through which the pollen tube enters

embryonic axis

root and shoot, in a miniature form

coleorhiza

protective covering in a monocot seed over the root

coleoptile

Covers and protects the shoot as it grows upward.

scutellum

type of cotyledon found in monocots, as in grass seeds

axillary bud

a bud that grows from the axil of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster.

rhytidome

composite of dead phloem cells and old periderm layers

Heartwood

in a woody stem, the older xylem near the center of the stem that no longer conducts water

terminal bud

bud at tip of a stem responsible for terminal growth

lateral buds

plant buds that make side branches as they grow

leaf primordia

Fingerlike projections along the flanks of a shoot apical meristem, from which leaves arise.

petiole

The stalk of a leaf, which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

phyllotaxy

the arrangement of leaves on a stem, is specific to each species

simple leaf

a leaf that has an undivided blade

compound leaf

A leaf in which the blade is divided into two or more smaller leaflets

vascular bundle

plant stem structure that contains xylem and phloem tissue

leaf venation

The pattern of veins in a leaf

cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

epidermal hairs

Break up wind currents on the underside of the leaf

cortex and pith

Ground tissue that is between the vascular tissue and dermal tissue in a root or dicot stem.

solenostele

a siphonostele in which there is also a cylinder of phloem internal to xylem and leaf gaps are present but are spaced longitudinally so that only one is present in any transverse section

Eustele

A stele in which the primary vascular tissues are arranged in discrete strands around a pith; typical of gymnosperms and angiosperms.

Atactostele

A stele in which vascular bundles are scattered in the stem with no pith; typical of monocots.

sieve cells

-Cylindrical cells lacking nuclei and with perforated sides and end walls that allow the movement of phloem sap between cells.

parenchyma cells

A relatively unspecialized plant cell type that carries out most of the metabolism, synthesizes and stores organic products, and develops into a more differntiated cell type.

fascicular cambium

cambium that develops within the vascular bundles, producing secondary xylem and phloem

interfascicular cambium

cambium that develops between the vascular bundles.

residual procambium

procambium located between mature xylem and phloem

companion cells

the active cells found next to sieve tube elements that supply the phloem vessels with all of their metabolic needs

ray initials

an initial in the vascular cambium that gives rise to the ray cells of secondary xylem and secondary phloem

fusiform initials

Cells within the vascular cambrium that produce elongated cells such as trocheids, vessel elements, fibers, and sieve-tube members.

Dendochronology

The process of counting tree rings to determine the age of a tree

Ray parenchyma cells

Store carbohydrates and other nutrients

Conduct material over short distances radially