Personality, Intelligence, and Social Development

Flashcards covering key concepts related to personality, intelligence, and social development for exam preparation.

What is Personality?

A set of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive tendencies shown consistently across time and situations, distinguishing individuals from each other.

What does Trait Theory assert?

Traits are stable over time and situations, exist on continuums, and are often studied using factor analysis.

Who introduced the term 'trait' in personality psychology?

Gordon Allport.

What are the three dimensions in Eysenck's personality theory?

Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism.

What does the acronym OCEAN stand for in the Big Five personality traits model?

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

What is the Trait View in personality psychology?

The view that behavior is consistent across different situations.

What does the Situationist View suggest?

Behavior is dependent on the situation.

What is intelligence?

The ability to learn, reason, problem-solve, and adapt to the environment.

What is Spearman’s concept of 'G'?

A general intelligence that underlies performance across various tasks.

What are Thurstone's seven primary abilities?

Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning.

What is the difference between fluid and crystallised intelligence?

Fluid intelligence is the ability to solve novel problems; crystallised intelligence involves using learned knowledge.

Who developed the concept of the Flynn Effect?

James Flynn, which states that IQ scores have increased ~3 points per decade.

What is the Head Start Program's main outcome regarding IQ?

It leads to short-term IQ gains.

Describe the Abecedarian Project.

An initiative providing intellectual, medical, and nutritional enrichment leading to a long-term 5-point IQ increase.

Define temperament in social development.

Biologically based individual differences in emotional and behavioral response to the environment.

What are the three classifications of temperament according to Thomas & Chess?

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

What is attachment in developmental psychology?

The emotional bond between a child and caregiver that can predict later behavior but is less stable into adulthood.

Define socialisation.

A life-long process of learning societal norms, values, and behaviors.

What influences socialisation according to Bandura?

Reinforcement, punishment, observation, and modeling.

List Baumrind's parenting styles and their characteristics.

Authoritative (warm, responsive, open discussion), Authoritarian (cold, rejecting, no autonomy), and Permissive (warm, indulgent, little to no discipline).