summarized module 8 cog psy

Groupthink

Groupthink

is a phenomenon characterized by premature decision making that is generally the result of group members attempting to avoid conflict (Janis, 1971).

Closed mindedness

the group is not open to alternative ideas.

Rationalization

the group goes to great lengths to justify both the process and the product of its decision making, distorting reality where necessary in order to be persuasive.

Squelching of dissent

those who disagree with the group are ignored, criticized, or even ostracized.

Formation of a “mindguard”

one person appoints himself or herself the keeper of the group norm and ensures that people stay in line.

Feeling invulnerable

the group believes that it must be right, given the intelligence of its members and the information available to them.

Reasoning

This has been defined as the process of drawing conclusions and as the cognitive processes by which people start with information and come to conclusions.

Deductive reasoning

is a psychological process that helps you make decisions and solve problems. In ____ reasoning, you use general ideas or premises to come to a specific conclusion.

Inductive reasoning

is a form of reasoning that takes specific knowledge, through observation and experience, and then creates a general conclusion. This can lead to a hypothesis or theory but is not always accurate.

Dual Process Theory

Which parts of the brain are activated during non conscious emotional processing? This provides an account of how thought can arise in two different ways, or as a result of two different processes.

Associative system

The Model of Economic Man and Woman

This assumes that decisions should be completely rational and optimal; thus, the theory employs an optimizing strategy that seeks the best possible alternative to maximize the achievement of goals.

Gambler’s Fallacy and the Hot Hand

This a mistaken belief that the probability of a given random event, such as winning or losing at a game of chance, is influenced by previous random events.

Subjective Expected Utility Theory

According to this theory, in making decisions, people will seek to maximize pleasure (referred to as positive utility) and to minimize pain (referred to as negative utility)