Chemistry Lecture Notes Review

Flashcards about Chemistry concepts

What is Chemistry?

The science that deals with the structure and behavior of matter

Is there one correct way to do science?

No, there is no one correct way. Different scientific disciplines have developed different procedures, and scientists approach knowledge differently.

What is Parkinson's Disease?

A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system causing shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement, and difficulty walking. Thinking and behavioral problems may arise later, typically after age 50.

What was the initial observation in the Parkinson's disease case study?

In the 1960s, scientists observed that South American manganese miners were developing symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease.

What was the initial hypothesis regarding the manganese miners and Parkinson's sufferers?

The symptoms of the manganese miners and of Parkinson's sufferers had a common cause.

What was discovered about manganese's effect on the brain?

Manganese interferes with dopamine, a brain chemical important in muscle function. High levels of manganese can lead to movement problems.

What hypothesis was refined regarding dopamine levels in Parkinson's sufferers?

Researchers hypothesized that the brains of Parkinson's sufferers had low levels of dopamine. Brain studies confirmed this.

What was the application of the dopamine research?

Researchers looked for a compound that could penetrate the brain and be converted into dopamine. Levodopa, or L-dopa, met these requirements.

What is a 'value' in scientific measurement?

A quantitative description that includes both a unit and a number.

What are 'units' in measurement?

Quantities defined by standards that people agree to use to compare one event or object to another.

What is the base unit for length in the International System of Measurement?

Meter (m)

What is the base unit for mass in the International System of Measurement?

Kilogram (kg)

What is the base unit for time in the International System of Measurement?

Second (s)

What is the base unit for temperature in the International System of Measurement?

Kelvin (K)

What is the form of scientific notation?

a x 10b, where 'a' is the coefficient and 'b' is the exponent.

What does the coefficient in scientific notation usually have?

One nonzero digit to the left of the decimal point.

What does the exponential term show in scientific notation?

The size or magnitude of the number.

When converting from a decimal number to scientific notation, what determines the sign of the exponent?

Positive if the decimal point was moved to the left, negative if moved to the right.

What is the purpose of using metric prefixes?

To denote multiples or submultiples of base units.

When multiplying exponential terms, what do you do with the exponents?

Add the exponents.

When dividing exponential terms, what do you do with the exponents?

Subtract the exponents.

When raising exponential terms to a power, what do you do with the exponents?

Multiply the exponents.

Define precision in the context of measurements.

How closely a series of measurements of the same object resemble each other.

Define accuracy in the context of measurements.

A measurement's relationship to the property's true value.

What digits do scientists report from measurements?

All certain digits and one estimated (uncertain) digit.

What does reporting 8.00 mL indicate?

An uncertainty of ±0.01 mL.

What is precision?

Describes how closely a series of measurements of the same object resemble each other

What is accuracy?

A measurement's relationship to the property's true value

What determines mass?

The amount of matter in an object

What determines weight?

The force of gravitational attraction between an object and the Earth