Chapter 7 organic chemistry

Addition reaction

a reaction in which one molecule combines with another molecule to form a larger molecule

Alkane

hydrocarbon that contains only single carbon to carbon bonds

Alkene

hydrocarbon with at least one double carbon to carbon bond

Carbon chain

linear set of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon

Homologous series

series of hydrocarbons that have a similar chemical structure and chemical properties

Hydrocarbon

compound consisting of hydrogen and carbon only

Organic compounds

compounds consisting of carbon atoms most commonly covalently bonded to hydrogen

Saturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon possessing only single bonds between carbon atoms

Substitution reaction

one atom or group of atoms replacing a part of another molecule

Unsaturated hydrocarbon

a hydrocarbon possessing at least one double bond between carbon atoms

Alkyl group

a side-chain attached to the parent carbon chain

Nomenclature

system developed in order to identify organic compounds

Parent chain

longest continuous chain of carbon-carbon bonds

Parent name

component of systematic name that refers to the length of the parent chain

Structural isomers

isomers that have the same molecular formula but the atoms are arranged in a different spatial arrangement

Systematic name

standardised name used to identify organic compounds

Alcohol

organic compound that has a hydroxyl (–OH) group bonded to a carbon atom in the parent chain

Carboxylic acid

organic compound that contains a carboxyl functional group (–COOH)

Carboxyl group

functional group that has a carbon double bonded to an oxygen and singly bonded to a hydroxyl group

Functional group

specific groups of atoms within a compound that affect the properties of the compound

Haloalkane

organic compound that has one or more halogen atom bonded to a carbon atom in the carbon chain

Halogen

element in group 17 of the periodic table (fluorine

Hydroxyl group

functional group consisting of an oxygen atom covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom (–OH)

Biomass

any organic material made of plant or animal matter

Crude oil

mixture of differently sized hydrocarbons found in underground deposits and used as a resource

Fossil fuel

hydrocarbon-containing material formed in the Earth’s crust from plant and animal remains

Non-renewable

unable to be naturally replenished

Organic chemical

any compound that contains carbon-carbon and/or

carbon-hydrogen bonds

Petrochemical

derived from crude oil

Renewable

comes from sources that naturally renew themselves at a rate that allows them not to become depleted

Sustainable

can be produced at a rate that is greater than consumption without compromising future generations

Synthesise

produce a chemical through reaction with other compounds

Synthetic

produced artificially by humans using chemical reactions