The End of the First Civil War: Key Events and Propositions

Nineteen Propositions

Parliament's demands presented to King Charles in 1642.

Oxford Treaty

Failed negotiation attempt between Royalists and Parliament in 1643.

Uxbridge Proposals

Moderated peace proposals presented in 1645.

Battle of Naseby

Decisive 1645 battle leading to Royalist defeat.

Battle of Philiphaugh

1645 battle where Montrose's army was defeated.

Royalist Ascendancy

Period of Royalist dominance during the Civil War.

Parliamentary Ascendancy

Period of Parliamentary control and victories.

Presbyterianism

Proposed governance structure for the English Church.

Charles's Surrender

King surrendered to Scottish forces in 1646.

Propositions of Newcastle

Demands made to Charles by Parliament in 1646.

Scottish Parliament's Vote

Decision to return King Charles to England in 1646.

Political Presbyterians

Parliamentary faction advocating for Presbyterian governance.

General Fairfax

Parliamentary commander during the Civil War.

Lord Goring

Royalist commander defeated in Somerset, July 1645.

Charles's Optimism

King's belief in achieving military victory despite losses.

Covenant

Agreement binding Scottish and English churches.

Militia Control

Dispute over military authority between King and Parliament.

Royalist Defeats

Series of losses leading to the end of Royalist power.

Bristol Surrender

Charles's distress over the loss of Bristol.

Scottish Garrison Withdrawal

Scottish troops left England in February 1646.

Parliament's Key Appointments

Parliament's authority to appoint military leaders.

Anti-Catholic Measures

Legislation aimed at reducing Catholic influence.

Civil War Radicalism

Increased political and social upheaval during the war.

Charles's Disguise

King fled in disguise to escape capture.

Solemn League

Agreement between Scotland and Parliament for military cooperation.

Parliament's Propaganda

Efforts to sway public opinion during the war.

County Committees

Local governance bodies managing military and civil affairs.

Clubmen

Local militias formed to protect communities during the war.

Political Divisions

Emerging factions within Parliament affecting negotiations.

Primary Sources

Original documents providing firsthand historical evidence.

Peace Settlement

Negotiations to end conflict, specifically in 1646.

King's Evil

Belief that royal touch could cure scrofula.

Holdenby Hall

Charles I's residence during his captivity.

Political Presbyterianism

Political movement favoring Presbyterian governance.

Clubmen Associations

Local groups formed to maintain order during war.

Wiltshire and Dorset Clubmen

Local associations formed for self-defense against plunder.

Articles of Association

Documents outlining rules for Clubmen Associations.

Gentry

Landowning class facing authority challenges during war.

Army Mutinies

Soldier uprisings due to poor pay and conditions.

Parliamentary Forces

Military units loyal to the English Parliament.

Royalist Soldiers

Supporters of King Charles I during the Civil War.

Directory of Worship

New liturgical guidelines replacing the Book of Common Prayer.

Westminster Assembly

Gathering of theologians drafting church governance documents.

Inflation

Rising prices affecting economic stability during the war.

Social Cohesion

Community unity threatened by war and taxation.

Lord Digby

Royalist leader involved in negotiations with Parliament.

Montreuil

French Ambassador consulted by Charles I for advice.

Conscience

Moral principles influencing Charles I's decision-making.

Parliament's Men

Individuals supporting Parliament's authority over the king.

Civil War

Conflict between Royalists and Parliamentarians from 1642-1651.

Social Tension

Increased unrest due to economic hardships and war.

High Taxation

Increased taxes burdening the population during the war.

Poor Harvests

Failed crops contributing to food shortages in 1646-1647.

Lord Spencer

Nobleman associated with Charles I during his captivity.

Althorp

Lord Spencer's ancestral home near Holdenby Hall.

Political Allegiance

Loyalty to a political faction, often pragmatic.

Jean de Montreuil

Diplomat sent to London in August 1645.

Cardinal Mazarin

Chief Minister to King Louis XIV after Richelieu.

Triennial Act

Guarantees regular Parliaments to limit monarchy.

Royalist Punishments

Fifty-eight leading Royalists punished; others pardoned.

Charles I's Response

Prevaricated instead of accepting the Propositions.

Venetian Ambassador

Sent reports to Venice during the Stuart period.

Peace Proposals

Charles sent proposals to London in November 1646.

Scottish Settlement Attempts

Scots sought to reach a deal with Charles.

Sir Robert Murray

Presented peace treaty to Charles on Scotland's behalf.

£400,000 Exchange

Scots offered Charles to English for this amount.

Scottish Parliament Resolution

Promised support for Charles and his descendants.

Five Members

Attempted arrest led to significant political fallout.

Naseby

Battle with catastrophic results for Royalists.

Henrietta Maria

Advised Charles on foreign alliances and troops.

Scottish Decree

Decreed solidarity with English Parliament's treaty.

Foreign Soldiers Dismissal

Dismissed due to suspicions of causing trouble.

Charles's Delaying Tactics

Caused instability in Parliament and Scotland.

Earl of Bristol

George Digby's title after elevation by Charles.

Marquis of Ormond

Involved in discussions with Lord Digby.

Autumn 1646

Period marked by attempts for settlement.

Crown Prerogatives

Maintained in Scottish Parliament's final resolution.

Charles's Monarchical Authority

Sought to reassert amidst Parliament's divisions.

Scottish Custody

Charles to be exchanged under specific conditions.

Parliamentary Debates

Heated discussions regarding Charles's proposals.

Printing Ban

Stopped to prevent favorable public impression.

Settlement Efforts

Continued through autumn despite Charles's refusals.