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Nineteen Propositions
Parliament's demands presented to King Charles in 1642.
Oxford Treaty
Failed negotiation attempt between Royalists and Parliament in 1643.
Uxbridge Proposals
Moderated peace proposals presented in 1645.
Battle of Naseby
Decisive 1645 battle leading to Royalist defeat.
Battle of Philiphaugh
1645 battle where Montrose's army was defeated.
Royalist Ascendancy
Period of Royalist dominance during the Civil War.
Parliamentary Ascendancy
Period of Parliamentary control and victories.
Presbyterianism
Proposed governance structure for the English Church.
Charles's Surrender
King surrendered to Scottish forces in 1646.
Propositions of Newcastle
Demands made to Charles by Parliament in 1646.
Scottish Parliament's Vote
Decision to return King Charles to England in 1646.
Political Presbyterians
Parliamentary faction advocating for Presbyterian governance.
General Fairfax
Parliamentary commander during the Civil War.
Lord Goring
Royalist commander defeated in Somerset, July 1645.
Charles's Optimism
King's belief in achieving military victory despite losses.
Covenant
Agreement binding Scottish and English churches.
Militia Control
Dispute over military authority between King and Parliament.
Royalist Defeats
Series of losses leading to the end of Royalist power.
Bristol Surrender
Charles's distress over the loss of Bristol.
Scottish Garrison Withdrawal
Scottish troops left England in February 1646.
Parliament's Key Appointments
Parliament's authority to appoint military leaders.
Anti-Catholic Measures
Legislation aimed at reducing Catholic influence.
Civil War Radicalism
Increased political and social upheaval during the war.
Charles's Disguise
King fled in disguise to escape capture.
Solemn League
Agreement between Scotland and Parliament for military cooperation.
Parliament's Propaganda
Efforts to sway public opinion during the war.
County Committees
Local governance bodies managing military and civil affairs.
Clubmen
Local militias formed to protect communities during the war.
Political Divisions
Emerging factions within Parliament affecting negotiations.
Primary Sources
Original documents providing firsthand historical evidence.
Peace Settlement
Negotiations to end conflict, specifically in 1646.
King's Evil
Belief that royal touch could cure scrofula.
Holdenby Hall
Charles I's residence during his captivity.
Political Presbyterianism
Political movement favoring Presbyterian governance.
Clubmen Associations
Local groups formed to maintain order during war.
Wiltshire and Dorset Clubmen
Local associations formed for self-defense against plunder.
Articles of Association
Documents outlining rules for Clubmen Associations.
Gentry
Landowning class facing authority challenges during war.
Army Mutinies
Soldier uprisings due to poor pay and conditions.
Parliamentary Forces
Military units loyal to the English Parliament.
Royalist Soldiers
Supporters of King Charles I during the Civil War.
Directory of Worship
New liturgical guidelines replacing the Book of Common Prayer.
Westminster Assembly
Gathering of theologians drafting church governance documents.
Inflation
Rising prices affecting economic stability during the war.
Social Cohesion
Community unity threatened by war and taxation.
Lord Digby
Royalist leader involved in negotiations with Parliament.
Montreuil
French Ambassador consulted by Charles I for advice.
Conscience
Moral principles influencing Charles I's decision-making.
Parliament's Men
Individuals supporting Parliament's authority over the king.
Civil War
Conflict between Royalists and Parliamentarians from 1642-1651.
Social Tension
Increased unrest due to economic hardships and war.
High Taxation
Increased taxes burdening the population during the war.
Poor Harvests
Failed crops contributing to food shortages in 1646-1647.
Lord Spencer
Nobleman associated with Charles I during his captivity.
Althorp
Lord Spencer's ancestral home near Holdenby Hall.
Political Allegiance
Loyalty to a political faction, often pragmatic.
Jean de Montreuil
Diplomat sent to London in August 1645.
Cardinal Mazarin
Chief Minister to King Louis XIV after Richelieu.
Triennial Act
Guarantees regular Parliaments to limit monarchy.
Royalist Punishments
Fifty-eight leading Royalists punished; others pardoned.
Charles I's Response
Prevaricated instead of accepting the Propositions.
Venetian Ambassador
Sent reports to Venice during the Stuart period.
Peace Proposals
Charles sent proposals to London in November 1646.
Scottish Settlement Attempts
Scots sought to reach a deal with Charles.
Sir Robert Murray
Presented peace treaty to Charles on Scotland's behalf.
£400,000 Exchange
Scots offered Charles to English for this amount.
Scottish Parliament Resolution
Promised support for Charles and his descendants.
Five Members
Attempted arrest led to significant political fallout.
Naseby
Battle with catastrophic results for Royalists.
Henrietta Maria
Advised Charles on foreign alliances and troops.
Scottish Decree
Decreed solidarity with English Parliament's treaty.
Foreign Soldiers Dismissal
Dismissed due to suspicions of causing trouble.
Charles's Delaying Tactics
Caused instability in Parliament and Scotland.
Earl of Bristol
George Digby's title after elevation by Charles.
Marquis of Ormond
Involved in discussions with Lord Digby.
Autumn 1646
Period marked by attempts for settlement.
Crown Prerogatives
Maintained in Scottish Parliament's final resolution.
Charles's Monarchical Authority
Sought to reassert amidst Parliament's divisions.
Scottish Custody
Charles to be exchanged under specific conditions.
Parliamentary Debates
Heated discussions regarding Charles's proposals.
Printing Ban
Stopped to prevent favorable public impression.
Settlement Efforts
Continued through autumn despite Charles's refusals.
