AP Human Geo Unit 3

material culture

physical objects that hold significant to individuals or society

nonmaterial culture

individual’s ideas, beliefs, languages, customs

subculture

a group of people within that share different beliefs from the main culture

modern culture(pop culture)

typically originates in economically developed areas and spreads through hierarchical diffusion

• prioritizes individualism

folk culture

more unvaried and spreads through relocation diffusion

• emphasizes community(family, religion)

• aim to keep traditions

• indigenous culture: tied to specific geographic region

ethnocentrism

practice of judging culture by standards of one’s own culture

cultural relativism

judging culture by its own standards

sequent occupancy

how different people, cultures, organizations have left their mark on a geographic location over time

built environment

human-made physical surrounding in an area

placemaking

process of community coming together and transforming a public space for different events

centripetal forces

aspects of a society that bring people together and promote unity

centrifugal forces

aspects of a society that divide people

relocation diffusion

physical movement of a culture or group of people from one place to another

hearth

location in which an idea or culture originated

expansion diffusion

spread of cultural trait or group of people to another place through person-to-person contact

contagious diffusion

spread of cultural trait happens in almost all directions

hierarchical diffusion

spread of cultural trait happens through systems that center around some form of power

• has structure; move down!

stimulus diffusion

when cultural trait is adopted to fit the local culture

lingua franca

common language used by individuals whose native language is different

creolization

process of two cultures/languages coming together to create a new third culture/language(typically due to colonization)

silk road

network of trade route from China to the Mediterranean ~1450 CE

cultural divergence

individuals become separated from different aspects of their culture

cultural convergence

when different cultures merge together to form one mass culture, often times in form of modern/global culture

universalizing religions

religions that seek to spread to all people

• Christianity, Islam, Buddism

sunni vs. shia Islam

Sunni: accepts first 4 caliphs as successors of Muhammad

Shia: accepts descendants of Muhammad as true rulers of Islam

Ethnic religion

religions primarily centered around specific cultural/ethnic groups, not trying to convert others

• Hinduism, Judaism

dialect

linguistic regional variances due to local culture

isogloss

distinct boundary defined by linguistic differences

multiculturalism

society has large diversity of cultures that co-exist within

• USA, Canada