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Direct chemical reversal
damaged bases
most energy efficient
no excision of DNA backbone
MMR (mismatch repairs)
mismatch in replication
excision of DNA backbone
proteins are able to recognize that base is paired incorrecctly
cuts out base and some adjacent which creates gap
DNA polymerase 1 then adds correct bases
DNA ligase repairs the remaining nicks
BER (base excision repair)
damaged bases
excision of DNA backbone
AP site
NER (nucleotide excision repair)
damaged bases
excision of DNA backbone
thymine dimer
Exonuclease
nucleus can cut the end of the chromosome
endonuclease
chromosome is cut in the middle