Unit 3 AP Workd (Updated)

American Revolution

Colonial revolt against British rule (1775-1783) resulting in the independence of the United States, influenced by Enlightenment ideals and economic grievances.

Ancien regime

Meaning 'old order,' refers to the period prior to the French Revolution in 1789.

Anti-semitism

Prejudice against Jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them; a term coined in the late nineteenth century.

Caudillos

Nineteenth-century local military leaders in Latin America.

Civil Code

Civil law promulgated by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1804.

Congress of Vienna

Gathering of European diplomats from October 1814 to June 1815 aimed to restore the prerevolutionary political and social order after Napoleon's defeat.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen

Document from the French Revolution (1789) influenced by the American Declaration of Independence.

Deists

Enlightenment thinkers who accepted the existence of a god but denied the supernatural aspects of Christianity.

Enlightenment

Eighteenth-century philosophical movement emphasizing reason over faith or tradition.

Estates General

French representative assembly of clergy, nobility, and commoners last convened in 1789.

French Revolution

Period (1789-1799) marked by the overthrow of the French monarchy and radical social change.

Gens de couleur

'People of color' in French Caribbean colonies, including freed slaves and mixed-race individuals.

Gran Colombia

Short-lived republic (1819-1831) formed by Simón Bolívar uniting Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and Panama.

Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt (1791-1804) led by Toussaint Louverture resulting in Haiti’s independence from France.

Judenstaat

1896 pamphlet by Theodor Herzl advocating for a Jewish homeland as a response to anti-Semitism.

Levee en masse

Term signifying universal conscription during the radical phase of the French revolution.

Liberalism

Political ideology emphasizing individual freedoms, representative government, and free markets.

National Assembly

Revolutionary legislative body formed in 1789 by the Third Estate in France.

Nationalism

Political and cultural ideology advocating for self-governance based on shared language, culture, and history.

Peninsulares

Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal.

Philosophes

Enlightenment intellectuals in France who promoted reason, progress, and secular governance.

Realpolitik

Otto von Bismarck's belief that the willingness to use force would bring about change.

The Social Contract

1762 work by Rousseau arguing political legitimacy arises from collective agreement among citizens.

Volksgeist

'People's spirit,' a term emphasizing the importance of studying one's own culture and traditions.

Waterloo

1815 battle marking the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte by British and Prussian forces.

Young Italy

Political movement founded in 1831 advocating for the unification of Italy under a republican government.

Zionism

Nationalist movement advocating for a Jewish homeland primarily in Palestine as a response to European anti-Semitism.

Calicoes

Inexpensive, brightly printed cotton textiles from India that became popular in Europe.

Cartels

Business organizations that work together to control production, distribution, and prices.

Child labor

Widespread employment of children in factories during the Industrial Revolution.

Communism

Social organization theory advocating for collective ownership of production means and abolition of private property.

Corporations

Businesses owned by individual and institutional investors, financed through the sale of stocks.

Crystal Palace

Glass and iron structure used to display industrial products at an exhibition in London in 1851.

Demographic transition

Shift from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates, often accompanying industrialization.

Factory system

Method of industrial production that centralized workers, machinery, and materials in one location.

Flying shuttle

Weaving device invented by John Kay in 1733, increasing textile production speed.

Luddites

Early 19th-century artisans who opposed new machinery and industrialization.

Middle class

Social class that grew during the Industrial Revolution, consisting of professionals, merchants, and factory owners.

Mule

Spinning device invented by Samuel Crompton in 1779 that revolutionized cotton production.

Power loom

Device invented by Edmund Cartwright in 1785 that increased textile production.

Second industrial revolution

Late 19th-century phase of industrialization marked by advances in steel, chemicals, electricity, and communication.

Socialism

Theory of social organization advocating for collective ownership of production means without abolishing private property.

Trade unions

Organizations formed by workers to demand better wages, hours, and working conditions.

Trusts

Large business entities seeking to eliminate competition and dominate markets.

Utopian socialists

Movement establishing ideal communities to provide the basis for an equitable society.

Working class

Industrial laborers in factories and mines facing poor conditions and low wages.

Boxer Rebellion

1899-1901 anti-foreigner uprising in China suppressed by an international coalition.

Capitulations

Unfavorable trading agreements signed by the Ottoman Turks with Europeans in the 19th century.

Cohong

Specially licensed Chinese firms under strict government regulation.

Crimean War

War (1853-1856) between Russia and a coalition of Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardina.

Duma

Russian parliament established after the revolution of 1905.

Emancipation Manifesto

Proclamation by Tsar Alexander II in 1861 abolishing serfdom and freeing millions of serfs.

Hundred Days Reforms

Chinese reforms of 1898 aimed at modernizing China led by Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.

Janissaries

Elite infantry units of the Ottoman Empire, forming the first modern standing army in Europe.

Meiji Restoration

Restoration of imperial rule in Japan in 1868 that enacted western reforms.

Opium War

Conflict (1839-1842) between Britain and China over British drug trade.

Pogroms

Organized massacres of a particular ethnic group, especially Jews in Eastern Europe.

Samurai

Japanese warriors.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese culture with European technology.

Taiping Rebellion

Rebellion in Qing China (1850-1864) that resulted in 20-30 million deaths.

Tanzimat

'Reorganization' era (1839-1876) in the Ottoman Empire attempting Enlightenment reforms.

Treaty of Nanjing

1842 treaty imposed on China by Britain after the first Opium War, leading to western trade.

Unequal treaties

Treaties granting Western powers trade privileges and territorial concessions in China.

Young Turks

19th-century reformers in the Ottoman Empire advocating for democratic changes.

Zaibatsu

Japanese term for wealthy cliques, similar to trusts and cartels organized around a family.

Zemstvos

District assemblies elected by Russians in the nineteenth century.

Berlin Conference

Meeting organized in 1884-1885 that justified European colonization of Africa.

Direct rule

Colonial governance system where European powers controlled territories directly.

East India Company

British company that became a state within a state in India.

Great Game

19th-century competition between Great Britain and Russia for control of Central Asia.

Indentured labor

Labor source where workers sold portions of their working lives for passage to new lands.

Indian National Congress

Political organization founded in 1885 advocating for greater Indian participation in government.

Indirect rule

Colonial administration method where local rulers maintained authority under European supervision.

Maori

Indigenous people of New Zealand.

Mission civilisatrice

French justification for imperialism, claiming to bring civilization to colonized peoples.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 doctrine warning Europeans to keep their hands off Latin America.

Omdurman

1898 battle in Sudan showcasing British military dominance over Mahdist forces.

The Origin of the Species

1859 work by Charles Darwin proposing the theory of evolution by natural selection.

Panama Canal

Waterway completed in 1914, boosting global trade by connecting Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting the right to intervene in Latin America.

Russo-Japanese War

Conflict (1904-1905) in which Japan defeated Russia, marking Asian triumph over a European empire.

Scientific racism

Attempt to justify racism by scientific means in the 19th century.

Scramble for Africa

Period (1875-1900) of European colonization of Africa.

South African War

War (1899-1902) between British and Afrikaners leading to British victory.

Spanish-Cuban-American War

1898 war leading to American control over Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

Suez Canal

Strategic 1869 waterway enhancing trade and European control over sea routes.

Terra nullius

Concept meaning 'land belonging to no one' used to justify conquest of nomadic lands.

Treaty of Waitangi

Treaty between the British and Māori peoples of New Zealand in 1840, creating opposition to settlement.

Adam Smith

Scottish philosopher and founder of modern political economy, known for 'The Wealth of Nations.'

Baron de Montesquieu

French political philosopher advocating for the separation of government powers.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

American suffragist and women's rights activist, co-author of the Declaration of Sentiments.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian nationalist and military leader crucial in the unification of Italy.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist who founded the Young Italy movement advocating for unification.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

French philosopher whose work influenced modern political thought and advocated for popular sovereignty.

John Locke

English philosopher known for his theories on natural rights that influenced later revolutions.

Louis XVI

Last king of France before the French Revolution, executed by guillotine.

Mary Wollstonecraft

English writer and advocate for women's rights, author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.'

Abdul Hamid II

Sultan of the Ottoman Empire known for his despotic rule and opposition groups.

Alexander II

Russian tsar known for emancipating the serfs and modernizing Russia before his assassination.

Cixi

Effective ruler of the Qing dynasty known for her lavish spending and resistance to reform.