Anatomical Descriptions

Superior

Closer to head

Inferior

Farther away from the head

Anterior

Toward the FRONT of the body

Posterior

Toward the BACK of the body

Medial

TOWARD the midline of the body

Lateral

AWAY from the midline of the body

Proximal

Closer in proximity to the trunk

Distal

At a DISTANCE from the TRUNK

Superficial

Toward the SURFACE of the body

Deep

INSIDE the body, AWAY from the surface

Flexion

Movement that DECREASES the joint angle (usually sagittal plane)

Extension

Movement that increases joint angle (usually return to anatomical position)

Hyperextension

Beyond the anatomical neutral

Abduction

Moving a segment AWAY from the midline of the body

Adduction

Moving a segment TOWARD the midline of the body

Rotation (internal/external)

Rotating a segment around the longitudinal axis toward the midline or away from the midline respectively

Elevation

Superior movement of the scapula

Depression

inferior movement of the scapula

Pronation

Combined condition of dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction

Supination

Combined condition of plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction

Horizontal adduction

movement of the limb TOWARDS the midline of the body

Horizontal abduction

movement of the limb TOWARDS the midline of the body

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward, away from the midline

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward, toward the middle

Varus

Leg bowing LATERALLY at the knee (bow legged)

What plane is indicated by 1?

Sagittal plane

(sagittal —> sagittarius —> long word —> sagittal plane runs down midline)

What plane is indicated by 2?

Coronal plane

What plane is indicated by 3?

Transverse plane

Rotation occurs ____ to a plane, forming a ___ angle.

Perpendicular; right

What is “an imaginary line that runs through the pivot point of a joint?”

Axis of rotation

Valgus

leg bowing MEDIALLY at the knee (knock-knees)

What is “the tracing of an imaginary circle in the air with a fingertip while the rest of the hand is stationary?”

This combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction

Circumduction

Are these sagittal plane, frontal plane, or transverse plane movements?

Flexion, extension, hyperextension, dorsiflexion, and plantar flexion

Sagittal plane

Are these sagittal plane, frontal plane, or transverse plane movements?

Abduction, adduction, lateral flexion, elevation and depression, inversion and eversion, and radial and ulnar deviation

Frontal plane movements

Are these sagittal plane, frontal plane, or transverse plane movements?

Left and right rotation, medial and lateral rotation, supination and pronation, horizontal abduction and adduction

Transverse plane movements