C2 URINALYSIS PART 2

Glycosuria

________: the presence of reducing sugars (eg., glucose, lactose, galactose, fructose, etc .)

Ketonuria

________: high level of ketones in the urine.

Glucosuria

________: the presence of glucose in the urine; most frequent type of glycosuria.

Non-renal

________: hemorrhagic disorder, exposure to toxic chemicals, strenuous exercise.

Normal RBC conc in urine

Negative/ less than or equal to 5 RBCs per ml

Hematuria

presence of 3 or more RBCs per high-powered field in 2 of three urine samples Indications of RBCs in urine

Non-renal

hemorrhagic disorder, exposure to toxic chemicals, strenuous exercise

alkaline urine

due to respiratory/metabolic alkalosis, presence of urease-producing bacteria, renal tubular acidosis, urinary tract infection

alkaline urine promotes

calcium-phosphate precipitation

Normal WBC

only a few

Pyuria

excessive amount of WBCs in urine

proteins in urine

Physiological strenuous exercise, dehydration

Normal protein urine concentration

only in trace amount ( less than or equal to 150mg/day or 10mg/dL)

Other proteins in proteinuria

Tamm-Horsfall mucoproteins (secreted by distal renal tubule), immunoglobulin light chains, microglobulin, etc

proteins in urine

Renal diseases / failure eg., nephrosis, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease

proteins in urine

Systemic disorders leading to increased level of serum proteins eg., multiple myeloma

Indications of glucose in urine

Diabetes mellitus, Cushing’s syndrome, Fanconi’s syndrome, liver & pancreatic diseases

Glycosuria

the presence of reducing sugars (eg., glucose, lactose, galactose, fructose, etc.)

Glucosuria

the presence of glucose in the urine; most frequent type of glycosuria

Normal ketone conc in urine

negative

Ketonuria

high level of ketones in the urine

Normal bilirubin in urine

negative

bilirubin

Liver dysfunction (due to obstructive jaundice, cirrhosis, viral or drug-induced hepatitis, hepatotoxic drugs, toxins)

negative

leukocyte esterase in urine should be :____

Normal nitrite concentration

negative

nitrites in urine

Urinary tract infection caused by nitrate reductase positive bacteria (eg., E. coli, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, etc.)