Cells

Chapter 4

What would happen to a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution?

The cell would burst (hemolysis)(hypotonic)

What would happen to a red blood cell if it was placed into pure/distilled water?

The cell would burst (hemolysis)(hypotonic)

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed into a .45% NaCl solution?

burst (hemolysis) (hypotonic)

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed into a sports drink?

Burst (hemolysis) (hypotonic)

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed into a 5% dextrose solution?

Nothing, isotonic

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed into a .9% NaCL solution?

Nothing, isotonic

What would happen to a red blood cell if it was placed in a saline solution?

The red blood cell would shrink (hypertonic)

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed into a 3% NaCL solution?

Shrink, hypertonic

What would happen if a red blood cell was placed into a 10% dextrose solution?

shrink, hypertonic

What are membrane lipids made of?

Cholesterol

Phospholipids

What do membrane proteins do?

Communication in the cell

Shape maintenance

Transport and share material

Carryout changes made by chemical messengers

What are the 6 functions of the proteins in our cell membrane?

1. Receptors
2. enzymes
3. channels
4. gated channels
5. cell identity markers
6. cell adhesions

What do receptors do?

Binds to chemical messengers

What do Cell-Identity markers do?

They distinguish between bodily cells and foreign cells

What are cell identity markers made of?

Glycoprotiens

What do regular channels do?

They are constantly open to allow solutes to pass

What do gated channels do?

They open and close to filter what solutes can come through

What breaks down chemical messengers?

Enzymes

What do cell adhesion molecules do?

Bind one cell to another

What is glycolax?

A coat of carbohydrate moieties (icing on a cake)

What does glycolax do?

It is a barrier for the cell which protects it from its surroundings

What are cell membranes made of?

Lipids -→ phospholipids and cholesterol

Proteins -→ Receptors, enzymes, and channels

Carbohydrates

What are the 2 kinds of cell transportation?

Active

Passive

What are the three mechanisms of carrier-mediated transport?

Facilitated diffusion

Primary active transport

Secondary active transport

What is facilitated diffusion?

A hybrid of diffusion and osmosis and uses a transporter BUT is still passive

What are the 3 kinds of passive cell transportation?

Diffusion

Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion

What are the 2 lipids in cell membranes made of?

Phospholipids

Cholesterol

What are the 3 proteins that cell membranes are made of?

Receptors

Enzymes

Channels

What are the 3 parts of RNA

tRNA

mRNA

rRNA

What is mRNA?

Messenger RNA which carries proteins info from DNA to cytoplasm (RECIPE)

What is tRNA

Transfer RNA brings amino acids and places them in the __**correct**__ position to create proteins (GATHERER)

What does rRNA do

Ribosomal RNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes which “read mRNA to form protiens

Describe the process of transcription

→ Gene is switched on

→ RNA polymerase attaches to the start of the gene

→ It moves along the DNA (making a strand of mRNA from the free bases)

→ mRNA moves out of the nucleus to begin translation

Describe the process of translation

→ mRNA moves out of the nucleus (through nucleocores)

→ rRNA ribosomes bind to messenger RNA and read the genetic code of the mRNA strand

→ tRNA matches corresponding codes on mRNA to create a chain of amino acids (polypeptide chains)

→ a protein is formed

What is DNA

A nucleotide:

\
Monosaccharide (Deoxyribose)

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

What is RNA

A nucleic acid which is a nucleotide:

\
Monosaccharide (ribose)

Phosphate group

Nitrogenous base

What are Nucleic Acids?

A nucleotide (sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base)

What are the combinations of the nitrogenous bases (for RNA)

A, U, C, G

What are the combinations of the nitrogenous bases (for DNA)

A, T, C, G

Can DNA leave the nucleus? Can RNA?

DNA cannot

RNA can

What is transcription?

Making RNA from DNA

What is translation?

Making protein from RNA

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Cell Transportation

List the phases of cell division in order

Interphase

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

What is mitosis?

The cell divides in half and the halves make photocopies of themselves to become complete, resulting in 2 identical daughter cells

In what phase of mitosis are the chromosomes lined up in the middle?

Metaphase

In what phase of mitosis are chromatids being pulled to the opposite poles of the cell?

Anaphase

What is cytokinesis?

Division of the cytoplasm

What must occur before cell division?

DNA replication

What is DNA replication?

When the cell makes doubles of the DNA

Then makes doubles of everything else

What form do chromosomes take when dividing?

Chromosomes (X shaped)

What form do chromosome take when working?

Chromatin (spaghetti)

Name the steps of Interphase

G (first gap phase)

S (synthesis phase)

G2 (second gap phase)

What happens during the G phase?

Growth and normal metabolic roles (working)

What happens in the S phase?

DNA replication (cut your skin and need more cells)

What happens during the G2 phase?

Growth and preparation for mitosis (doubles)

Describe the process of organelles and their functions

→ Nucleolus (the DNA inside of Nucleus) tells the ribosomes to do their job

→ Ribosomes produce protein

→ Protein is sent to rough endoplasmic reticulum

→ RER sends protein as well as lipids from Soft endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi apparatus

→ Golgi apparatus modifies proteins and lipids

→ The modified substances are either sent to peroxisomes for oxidation (to break them down) or lysosomes for degradation (recycled into something new)

What are cilia?

Hair-like structures which help push mucus (found in respiratory system like trachea and bronchus)

What are centrosomes?

A cellular structure which organizes the info of microtubules and miotic spindle

What do centrioles do?

Organize the spindle fibers in the miotic spindle apparatus (makes centrosomes)

What do microfilaments do?

Supports microvilli and the plasma membrane

involved in cell motility

What do microvilli do?

Finger-like protrusions which increase absorptive surface area

What are nucleosomes

The length og DNA coiled around histones

What are chromatids?

The arms of chromosomes

What are villa

Finger/Arm-like structures which help absorb nutrients (found in intestines)

What are milliosmoles? How are they measured?

Milliosmoles are how osmolarity is expressed

Milliosmoles per liter

What are flagella?

Tail-like structure at the end of a sperm

What are pseudopods?

Temporary arms created by the cell membrane when it needs to grab something?

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies proteins and lipids

What do lysosomes do?

Degrade the proteins (recycle them)

digestion of cells

What power the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

ATP

What do peroxisomes do?

Oxidation of organic compounds

What does soft endoplasmic reticulum do?

Lipid synthesis

Lipid metabolism

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

Proteins synthesis

What does the Nucleus do?

Shelters the DNA (nucleolus)

cells control center

What does the nucleolus do?

Produces and assembles the cell’s ribosomes

What are microtubes?

The bones of a cell (give it shape)

What do ribosomes do?

Proteins synthesis

What does the mitochondria do?

ATP synthesis

What does the plasma membrane do?

Regulates the exchange of materials between cytoplasm and extracellular fluid

What are alleles?

Different forms of the same gene (hair color)

What is a genome?

An entire set of genes that you have

What is a karyotype?

A picture of all of your chromosomes

How many chromosomes can you get from chromatin?

46

What produces insulin?

Ribosomes

What is a locus

The location of a particular gene on a chromosome (hair type)

What is osmotic pressure?

The amount of external pressure needed to stop osmosis

What is vesicular transport?

The mechanism for exchanging proteins and lipids between organelles inside and ouside of the cells

What is primary active transport?

When a carrier moves a substance through the cell membrane using energy directly from ATP (low to high)

What are the kinds of vesicular transport?

Exocytosis

Endocytosis

What is concentration?

The force that moves salt down

What is pressure?

The force that moves water down

What is exocytosis

The vesicular process of matter RELEASED from a cell

What is endocytosis?

The vesicular process of matter INTO a cell

What is secondary active transport?

When a carrier moves a substance through a cell membrane using energy INDIRECTLY from ATP (2 transports but only one handles ATP)

What is an example of a secondary active transport?

A sodium potassium pump

What is a sodium potassium pump?

Sodium goes into the heart and potassium goes out THE PUMP COUNTERACTS THIS

What organic compound is a sodium potassium pump?

Protein

What are the kinds of cell transportation?

Passive

Active

What is diffusion?

When a solute (solid) is transported passively in and out of a cell