2. administration routes

PO

oral

SL

sublingual (below the tongue)

BUCC

buccal (between the gum and cheeks)

PR

rectal

PV

Vaginal

TOP.

topical, skin

Parenteral

routes other than the digestive track

Respiratory/ inhalation/nebulization

Drugs breathed in

Nasal

drugs ingested via nose

ocular

drugs administered via eyes

Otic

drug administered via ear

Examples of solid drugs

• tablets

• capsules

• powders

• granules

components of a tablet

• drug

• binder

• disintegrating agent

• preservative

• effervescent

• lubricant

Examples of Topical dosage forms

• Gels, dentifrices

• patches

• sprays

• creams

• lotions

• ointments

• pastes

• solutions

• areoles

• foams

Examples of liquid drugs

• solution

• suspension

• emulsion

• syrup

• gels

advantages of oral administration of drugs

• patient preference

• cheap to manufacture / administer

• variety of dosage forms avaliable

• high dose possible

• can use modified release as drug approaches site where medicine should reach

disadvantages of oral administration of drugs

not suitable for particular patients (unconscious)

Extensive first-pass metabolism, which may require large doses to
achieve the desired therapeutic effect

Food effects