IV. Human Development (Chapter 9)

What are the three developmental processes in developmental psychology?

Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional changes.

What is the difference between cross-sectional and longitudinal research methods?

Cross-sectional compares different age groups at the same time, while longitudinal tracks the same individuals over time.

What occurs during the Germinal Period of prenatal development?

The fertilized egg undergoes rapid cell division and implants in the uterine wall.

What is the major vulnerability during the Embryonic Period?

The embryo is most vulnerable to environmental damage as major organs and structures begin to form.

What types of skills do infants develop during the Physical Development stage?

Gross motor skills like crawling and fine motor skills like grasping.

What is dendritic spreading?

The growth of new dendrites that help improve communication between neurons.

What are Piaget's four stages of cognitive development?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

What is assimilation according to Piaget's theory?

Interpreting new experiences in terms of an existing schema.

What is the concept of 'zone of proximal development' in Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory?

The difference between what a learner can do without help and what they can do with help.

What are the three types of temperament identified in children?

Easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.

What key concept is associated with Erikson's stage 'Trust vs. Mistrust'?

If an infant's needs are dependably met, they develop a sense of basic trust.

What is the primary focus of Baumrind's authoritative parenting style?

Demanding and responsive parenting with clear explanations.

What are the six stages of Kohlberg's moral development theory?

Pre-conventional	Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment  Stage 2:   Individualism and Exchange	Avoiding punishment     Self-interest and personal gain
Conventional	Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships  Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order	Social approval and role expectations    Law and order
Post-conventional	Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights  Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles	Individual rights and the greater good    Abstract principles of justice and human dignity

What is Gilligan's response to Kohlberg's theory?

It offers a care-oriented perspective emphasizing relationships and caring over abstract justice.

What role do emotions and social context play in moral decision-making?

They influence moral behavior, challenging Kohlberg's cognitive-focused model.

Cross-Sectional Research

A method that compares different age groups at the same time.

Longitudinal Research

A method that tracks the same individuals over time.

Reflexes

Automatic responses in infants, like the rooting reflex and Moro reflex.

Dendritic Spreading

The process of growth of new dendrites that improves communication between neurons.

Synaptic Density

The number of synapses in the brain that increases, peaking during early childhood. (newborn/ Infant)

Assimilation

Interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas.

Accommodation

Adapting schemas to include new information.

Secure Attachment

Children show distress when separated but are comforted upon reunion with caregivers.

Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

Children show little distress when separated and avoid connection upon reunion.

Insecure-Anxious/Ambivalent Attachment

Children are very distressed when separated and may show resistant behavior upon reunion.

Stages of Moral Development (Preconventional)

Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment; Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange.

Stages of Moral Development (Conventional)

Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships; Stage 4: Maintaining Social Order.

Stages of Moral Development (Post-conventional)

Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights; Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles.

Socioemotional Development

The evolving changes in relationships, emotions, and personality throughout life.

Identity Formation

The process during adolescence where individuals test different roles to develop a unified self.

Temperament Categories

Three types: Easy, Difficult, and Slow-to-warm-up, influencing behavior and interaction.

Cognitive Development Stages

Four stages in Piaget's theory: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.

Parenting Styles (Authoritative)

Demanding and responsive parenting style, leading to higher self-esteem and social competence in children.

Parenting Styles (Neglectful)

Disengaged parenting with few rules; children may struggle with independence and face emotional withdrawal.