Pathology (Immune System) - Irene Gold Booklet :)

What is anoxia

Absense of oxygen in tissue

Fluid with high protein content is called

Exudate

What is hypoxia

deficiency of oxygen in tissues

Fluid with low protein content is described as

Transudate

What is Diapedesis

neutrophils/monocytes squeese thru blood vessel walls to get to site of infection/damage

When WBCs line the damaged vessel wall it is called

Pavementing/margination

What converts fibrinogen to fibrin?

Thromboplastin

A clot that travels from a long bone fracture is called

Fatty emboli

A clot that travels from the veins in the lower extremity is called

Pulmonary emboli

What are the granulocytes

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

What are agranulocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

Where to T cells mature

Thymus

Where do B cells mature

bone marrow

Function of CD4 cells

(Helper T cells) signal other immune cells to fight infection

Function of CD8 cells

(Cytoxic T cells) destroy/kill infected cells

What type of cell releases antibodies

Plasma cells

What type of WBC is most abundant and provides ur first line of defence

Neutrophils

What is the precursor to macrophages

monocytes

What WBC type increases in allergic reactions or in response to parasites

Eosinophils

What WBC type produces heparin and histamine

Basophils

Leukotrienes __________ inflammation while Enkephalins _________ inflammation

Increase; decrease

Effect of NSAIDs

Disrupts the COX pathway to decrease inflammation

5 stages of wound healing

1. Injury -> tissue damage, 2. Vasoconstriction, 3. Vasodilation, 4. Swellling, 5. Healing

What type of collagen forms a fibrin scar in wound healing

Type 3

What is the most common primary immunodeficiency at birth

Bruton's agammaglobulinemia

What is Bruton's agammaglobulinemia?

X-linked condition with decreased B cells and IgG seen at birth (immunodeficiency)

What is the blood cell disroder related to a mutation of chromosome 22 causing decreased T cells

DiGeorges (hypoplasia of thymus)

What conditon has abnormal bone marrow causing a decrease in B and T cells in newborns

Severe combined immune deficiency

What clotting factor is deficient in Von Willebrand disease

Factor 8 (hemophilia A)

What clotting factor is deficient in Christmas Disease

Factor 9 (hemophilia B)

What clotting factor is deficient in Hemophilia C

Factor XI

Factor X is also called

Stuart factor

Factor XII is also called

Hagemans factor

Degeneration of bone marrow that causes pancytopenia

Aplastic anemia

What condition is associated with chronic blood loss (menses)

Iron deficiency anemia / microcytic / hypochromic

What anemia is common in pregnancy

B9 anemia/ megoblastic/ macrocytic

What anemia is common in vegetarians

B12 anemia/ macrocytic / megaloblastic

What is Thalessemia major

Cooleys anemia - inherited blood disorder causes decreased hemoglobin

Hair on end appearance of the skull seen on Xray indicates

Thalassemia Major / Mediterranean anemia

In eryhroblastosis fetalis the mother is ______ and the baby is _____

rh-; Rh +

What is Primary Polycythemia

Polycythemia Rubra Vera - blood cancer causing increase in RBC

What does hypochromic mean?

decrease in red color

Young male smoker that has cramping in the lower extremity when he excersizes

Buergers / Thromboangitis obliterans

Fluid in the pericardial space that prevents proper filling of the ventricles

Cardiac tamponade

What will cause Hypertension in the upper extremities and HYPOtension in the lower extremity

Coarction of the aorta

What is the color pattern seen in Raynauds disease

Pallor (lack of blood) -> cyanosis/blue (lack of oxygen) -> rubor/ red (reperfusion)

Longstanding hypertension with headaches from the opthalamic artery

Temporal /giant cell arteritis

What is Tetralogy of Fallot?

Dextraposition of aorta, R ventricle hypertrophy, interventricular septal defect, pulmonic stenosis

Destruction of the aortic valve is usually from

Syphilis

Destruction of the mitral valve is usually from

Rheumatic fever (strep pyogenes)

What leukemia is most common in children

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

What is the most common acute leukemia in adults

Acute myeloblastic

What is the most common chronic leukemia in adults

Chronic lymphoblastic

What leukemia causes a short 22nd chromosome

Chronic myelocytic leukemia

What is the most common form of dwarfism

Achondroplasia

What Xray signs indicate achondroplasia

Bullet vertebrae and trident head

Pt presents with blue/black deposits in cartilage, ears nose and cheeks and black urine

Alkaptonuria

What is alkaptonuria

Accumulation of homogentisic acid from not being able to breakdown tyrosine and phenylalanine

What is Charcot Marie Tooth

Progressive peroneal muscular dystrophy (common in tibialis anterior)

Pt presents with flat/hypoplastic face and transverse palmer crease

Down syndrome (trisomy 21)

What is Duchenes muscular dystrophy

Pseudohypertrophy (mm replaced by fat) of calves seen in 3-7yo boys

What is Edwards disease

Trisomy 18, mental handicapped

What condition causes atrophy of the basal ganglia (caudate) and a decrease in GABA

Huntingtons Chorea

What is Huntingtons Chorea

Chromosome 4 problem, progressive degeneration of nerve cells in caudate of basal ganglia

Pt presents with arachnodactyly, lens subluxation, tall stature

Marfans disease

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

Type 1 collagen defect causes blue sclera and brittle bones

What is marble bone disease

Osteopetrosis - reduced osteoclast activity

How do patients with osteopetrosis die

By 20-30 yo from hepatosplenomegaly and anemi

What is phenylketonuria

Body cant convert phenylalanine to tyrosine causing brain damage/disability

What is Von Gierke's disease?

Lack of enzyme Glucose-6-phosphatase so body cant breakdown glycogen

What is Lipodystrophies

Lose fat from parts of body while gaining fat in other area

What is Gauchers disease

Excess glucocerebrosides in brain liver and spleen

What is Krabbes disease

Excess galactocerebrosides in white matter

What is Niemanns Picks disease

Increased sphingomyelin

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

Increased gangliosides in brain leading to infant death

Cherry red spots in macula indicates

Tay sachs disease

Most common from of mild mental retardation

Fragile X syndrome

Pt is a tall male, low IQ, gynecomastia, sterile and has testicular atrophy

Kleinfelters syndrome (XXY)

Pt is a female with short webbed neck, amenorrhea and lack female sex characterisitics

Turners Syndrome (XO)

A tumor of glandular tissue that is malignant is called _________ and if its benign its called _________

Adenocarcinoma; adenoma

What is the most common form of colon cancer

Adenocarcinoma

A mass due to excess osteoclast activity is called

Brown's tumor

Browns tumors are associated with what condition

Hyperparathyroidism

What creates the "starry sky" appearance in bone marrow and the jaw

Burkitts lymphoma

Burkitt's lymphoma is linked to what virus

Epstein Bar

5HIAA urine test indicates

Carcinoma

What is a fibroadenoma

Benign breast tumor made of glandular and stromal tissue

What is the most common primary liver cancer

Hepatocellular carcinoma

What is a cancer that starts in the stomach then metastasizes to the ovaries

Krukenberg tumor

What is leukoplakia

White patch on tongue from tobacco (cannot wipe off)

What lung cancer is most common in NON-smokers

adenocarcinoma

What is the most common primary lung cancer

Squamous cell tumor

What is Morton's neuroma?

Nerve tumor between metatarsal heads 3 and 4

Most common cardiac tumor to affect left atrium

Myxoma

What is Rhabdomyoma

Benign tumor of striated or heart muscle

"Leather bottle" shaped stomach indicates

Stomach cancer

Where is stomach cancer most common

lesser curvature

A tumor that involves all 3 germ layers is called

Teratoma

Metastasis from the GI tract will enlarge what node

Virchows nodes (left supraclavicular)