P/S

anything wrong in P/S

the vascular layer of the eye contains

VL= pigmented portion, contains the choroid, ciliary body and iris

choroid

between sclera and retina, contains blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to eye

ciliary body

behind iris, changes shape of lens to focus images on retina

schlera

white part of eye, maintains shape, prevents injury

conjunctiva

mucus membrane that provides lubrication to eye

cornea

outermost layer of eye, role in protection of eye and focusing light onto retina

iris

colored part of eye, regulates amount of light entering the eye

what is the path of light entering the eye?

cornea, pupil, lens, retina

do we have more rods or cones?

rods

myopia

nearsightedness, can see close objects but not farther ones

presbyopia

type of farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity in the lens, nearby objects are blurred while farther ones are clear

hyperopia

farsightedness, can see farther objects but not close ones

emmetropia

perfect vision

aqueous humor

fluid that fills space between lens and cornea, made by ciliary body

retina

at the back of eye, has photoreceptors that capture signals and transmit them to the brain

optic nerve

relays messages from eye to brain

optic chiasm

structure responsible for crossing over of visual information

thalamus

sends info to other parts of brain

superior colliculus

region of midbrain that integrates visual, auditory and somatosensory info

visual cortex

processes visual information

what is the pathway of visual information in the brain

retina, optic nerve, optic chiasm, thalamus, superior colliculus, visual cortex

magnocellular pathway

processes large and fast objects, no color

parvocellular pathway

processes small, slow and colorful things

feature detection

complex stimuli can be broken into individual characteristics- like shape, color etc

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

receives light-related information from the hypothalamus and regulates circadian rhythms

antidepressants

increase serotonin concentration

GABA

primary CNS neurotransmitter, decreases activity in the brain, can calm anxiety/ depression symptoms

REM rebound

more REM sleep after sleep deprivation

hippocampus

in the temporal lobe, learning and memory, regulates Autonomic Nervous System, part of limbic system

limbic system

emotional response

consists of hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus and amygdala

hypothalamus

in the forebrain, regulate homeostasis, four Fs

attitude

opinion on something- positive or negative

ABCS (affect, behavior, cognition)

attribution

what one believes is the cause of an event, internal or external

REM waves resemble

beta waves

stage 1 has what waves

beta and alpha

stage 2 has what waves

theta- has sleep spindles and k-complexes

hypnagogic hallucinations

occur in stage 2 (theta) while falling asleep

hypnopompic hallucinations

occur in stage 2 (theta) when waking up

In REM sleep

dreaming occurs, memory is consolidated, emotion processing

verbal input from the left ear

goes to the right auditory cortex, processed by left hemisphere

selective attention

many stimuli present, ignore some and focus on one

divided attention

focusing on more than one stimulus at the same time

continuous reinforcement is best for the beginning because

it unambiguously informs the subject which behavior is correct.

instinctive drift

organisms revert to unconscious behaviors that can interfere with learned behaviors from OC

does an old person have a worse ability to retrieve general info?

no

proximal stimulus

stimulus reflects light, which excites rods and cones, not same thing is registered

In operant conditioning studies, the subject’s motivational state is most typically operationally defined by:

depriving subject of desirable stimulus

demographic transition theory

future population growth will have the stages


1. high birth, death, infant mortality, short life expectancy
2. high birth rates, low infant mortality, and death rates
3. low birthrates and death rates, high life expectancy (industrialized)
4. low birth and death rates, stable population

Place theory

diff freq=diff vibrations on basilar membrane

neuroleptics are

typical antipsychotics

negative priming

block out X then ask to block Y but it takes longer to adjust

unidirectional relation

A leads to B

reciprocal relation

A and B cause each other

symbolic interactionalism

people interpret things according to interactions, can change labels of things and respond

maladaptive coping strategies

aggression, dependence, status seeking

functionalism

society has parts that work together to serve needs of people

Thomas theorem

**outcome depends on the way a situation is interpreted**

Hawthorne effect

change behavior when being observed to seem better

Mead development stages

preparatory/ imitation, play stage/ role taking, game stage/ several roles and their interactions

Mead’s I and Me

i= back stage/ personal, Me= social, front stage

charas of McDonaldization

efficiency, calculability, predictability, control

state dependency effect

information is recalled better in the state it was learned

misinformation efect

recall becomes less accurate because of additional information following an event (retroactive interference)

selective forgetting

better recall of things relevant to personal thoughts and ideas

behaviorist theory

actions are responses to external consequences including punishment etc

humanistic approach

free will is the most important thing that determines behavior

UCS AND CS

UCS- elicits an automatic response - food= hunger- learned association between two things - bell and salvation

autonomic nervous system

controls organs etc and things that are involuntary,

actor-observer bias

the actor explains self behavior by situational factors, observer attributes behavior to internal states

median

middle value, half are above and half below

REMINDER

STEREOTYPE THREAT AND GRP POLARIZATION GO BOTH WAYS

reliability

 consistency over time, between items, and between researchers

validity

how well the intended variable is measured /

degree to which the scores accurately reflect the variable they intend to assess.

Weber’s law

There is a minimum ratio difference that allows the differentiation of two separate stimuli in intensity

nativist hypothesis

children have innate bio ability to learn a language

Schacter-Singer theory of emotion

stimulus elicits physiological response, which leads to interpretation of circumstances and identification of emotion

stim>phys>cognitive>emotion or not

linguistic relativity

structure of a language determines how speakers conceptualize the world

subjective vs objective

S= based on feelings, can be biased

O=based solely on fact, no bias

role strain

makes it hard to fulfill ONE ROLE

role conflict

TWO ROLES interfere with performance in each one

mixed methods study

includes both qual and quan methods

optic disc

where optic nerve connects to retina

dependency ratio

ratio of the number of economically dependent members of the population to the number of economically productive members.

linguistic relativity hypothesis

human cognition is affected by language, can describe what we know a word for

absolute poverty

cannot meet basic needs, same across countries

relative poverty

poverty relative to another person/ group, eg comparing to median income

marginal poverty

lack stable job/ cannot find one

SE gradient in health

rich= better health- live longer

Which type of psychoactive drug has the lowest risk of dependence?

hallucinogens

prejudice v discrimination

prejudice= thoughts, discrimination= action, acting on those thoughts

top down processing

use existing knowledge to deduce

groupthink can be reduced by

being critical and weighing options

The left cerebral hemisphere in humans is most often linked with which cognitive function?

language/ vocab skills

Individuals who have the ability to delay gratification in pursuit of long-term rewards are most likely to be categorized as having which type of intelligence?

emotional

medicalization

a problem comes to be defined and treatment is defined in medical terms

experiment rsch is NOT

observational

structural functionalism

social institutions affect individual welfare, institutions create society

social constructionism

social interactions and language shape phenomena and give things meaning

symbolic interactionalism

interactions and symbols shape/ direct behavior

Seeing a word with a missing letter and being able to identify the word, based on the sentence in which it is contained

context effect, also why we fill in different letters in different lists