Bio 10b Exam 3

Actinomyces

Bacillus mycoides

Klebsiella

Pseudomonas

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptomyces

Aspergillus niger

Fusarium

Mortierella

Mucor

Penicillin

Rhizopus

Rhodotorula

Excavata

parasites

SAR dode

protist that photosynthesize and form the foundation of food webs for most aquatic systems

Archaeoplastida 

multicellular — land plants, red algae, ect

Unikonta

fungi, choanoflagellates, animals, amoebas

Prokaryotic cells

no organelles, DNA is just kinda floating around

Eukaryotic cells

DNA in nucleus, organelles

Mushroom

reproductive/fruiting body

Hyphae

extremely thin, web-like structures that grow, in a medium, like soil or water, they collect into the fruiting body in order to release spores

Mycelium

Hyphae that is eating and growing

Fungi

usually multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotic organisms that digest material out of their bodies—excrete enzymes into environment, digest, then slurp up

Chytridiomycota

Most basic ancestral group, out group, water molds

Mucuromycota

black/red molds, serve as decomposers, make up mycorrhizal fungi

Ascomycota

cup fungi, yeast, vital primary decomposers, form symbiotic relationships with lichen and mycorrhizae 

Basidiomycota

produce mushrooms, shelf fungi, smuts and rusts, serve as a food source

sporangia

containers that hold the spores

How much mycorrhizal fungi can be found in a pinch of soil?

up to 7 miles

How do mycorrhizal fungi make physical contact with the insides of tree roots? What is being exchanged during this contact?

Via tubes, and mineral nutrients. The tubes will stretch up toward the tree roots and communicates with chemical messages.

How do mycorrhizal fungi obtain minerals, in general, and nitrogen, specifically?

They hunt, mine, fish, and strangle. The fungus eat springtail bugs, when the tubes impale them, sucking the nitrogen up.

Explain what happens in a forest when a tree experiences stress from temperature fluctuations.

Trees release a chemical signal throughout their network, dumping their carbon into neighboring trees. This food typically goes to newer trees, who are better adapted to survive with temperature fluctuations. 

Phenotypic Plasticity

the ability of an organism to express different phenotypes in different environments - evolved trait - most beneficial to plants

Light

highly heterogeneous environmental resource

Leaf shapes are…

controlled by hormones.

Reaction norms

a that plasticity results are often reported in papers

How might phenotypic plasticity be a mechanism for diversification?

Plastic traits allow colonization in new environments, New environments become selection pressures for other phenotypic change, Reproductive barriers evolve (e.g. flowering times (angiosperms))

Chaparral Biome

Mediterranean climate characterized by hot, dry simmers and mild, wet winters - drought resistant plants - periodic wildfires, which many plant species rely on for regeneration

South facing slopes…

are exposed to more sun per day

The average stomatal density is less on the…

south facing slope than the north facing slope

The average leaf area is area on the…

south facing slope than the north facing slope

Angiosperms

a plant that has flowers and produces seeds - include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees (newest group)

Gymnosperms

a plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Gymnosperms include the conifers, cycads, and ginkgo

Stomata

tiny pores mostly on the underside of plant leaves and stems that regulate gas exchange, allowing the plant to absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and release oxygen

Plants come from…

Charophycean Green Algae (protist ancestor)

Bryophytes

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Alternation of generations

plants alternate from a haploid phase to a diploid phase

Cuticle

a protecting film covering the outermost skin layer (epidermis) of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs

Antheridia (gametophyte)

male (flagellated) sperm cells in mosses

Archegonia (gametophyte)

females that produce eggs

Vascular Plants (lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms)

roots, xylem and phloem, allows plants to get bigger, so they can tap into nutrients and water in the soil

Phylum: Tracheophyta, Class: Polypodopsida

Ferns

Carboniferous Time Period

Plants were dominant (ferns were tree sized), no gymnosperms/angiosperms yet

Pine (female)

pine cone (ovulated egg)

Pine (male)

very soft, brush-like structures, pollen is produced (replacing flagellated sperm)

Class Cycadopside and Pinopsida 

cone-producing plants 

Flowers can…

have both female and male part (lily flower)

Male structure for flowers

anther (produce pollen)

Female structure for flowers

ovules in an ovary, which is attached to a long tube called a style, stigma allows for pollen to stick

Fruit

ripened ovary from an angiosperm 

Monocots - liliopsida

all of the grasses, bamboo, palm trees, 

Dicots - magnoliopsida

“everything else”, peanuts

Community ecology

the study of how interspecific interactions affect the distribution and abundance of species in a community 

Mutualism 

occurs when one species lives in or on another species and both benefit from the interaction - ex. zooxanthellae on coral  

Parasitism

occurs when one species needs to liv on or in another species to complete its life cycle

Predation

occurs when one species eats another species

Keystone species

predators can maintain community diversity

Competition

occurs when two or more species use the same resources, can be indirect or direct

ecological niche

describes the functional position of organism in its environment

Competitive exclusion

competition cannot happen indefinitely, especially if there is great overlap in species niche

Niche differentiation

if a species is able to escape the competitor by altering its niche, then it could be a very successful strategy (chthamalus and balanus) 

Coevolution

species that interact become selection pressures on one another

Coevolutionary arms race

Rough skin newts have a toxin (TTX) that garter snakes are immune to, therefore, the newts evolve to have enough toxin to kill 100 humans 

Patterns of dispersion

uniform, random, clumped 

Cohort life table 

tracks a group of individuals born at the same time until the last individual dies

Static life table  

sample of population and ages of individuals at one point in time

Net reproductive rate

the sum of the product of survivorship and fecundity multiplied together, any number above one=population increasing, below one=decreasing, =one=stable

Intrinsic rate of increase r

ln R₀ / T (generation time)

Survivorship curves

Type I - K-selected, long living and takes a long time to mature, Type II - middle of the road, squirrel, Type III - R-selected, short lives, spiders/bugs

Exponential model

describes growth rate under ideal, unregulated conditions - only happens w/ bacteria grown in lab and humans 

Birth rates and death rate instantaneous, per capita value

r

the per capita rate at which the population increases in size at each instant in time

Logistic growth model

describes density dependent growth - food, space, mates, predators, viruses, competition

Density dependent growth

Life History

timing and relative energy put into growth, reprod, and survival

To yield the max lifetime reprod success…

begin reprod at young age, produce many offspring at each reprod attempt, reprod repeatedly, provision offspring and live for a very long time

Life History Traits

size at birth, growth pattern, age and size at maturity, number, size, and sex ratio of offspring, number of reprod attempts, parental investment, lifespan

Diversification in Columbines

How does soil moisture promote bacterial and fungal diversity?

Water provides moisture — supports more species, promotes bacterial growth, water regulates temp -- biological processes can be carried out

How might industrial agricultural practices impact soil?

top soil erosion, monoculture/monocropping, not diverse enough conditions in the soil (microorganisms), tractors compress soil

Abiotic challenges in the rocky intertidal

drying from the sun, increased salinity from water evaporating, range of temperatures, dessication 

Rocky intertidal interactions

mussel beds facilitate barnacles and buffer waves, sea stars predate on mussels, sea urchins predate on kelp/seaweed, competition for space for sessile creatures

Buzz pollination

bumble bees shake flowers by rapidly vibrating their wings — pollen falls from anthers all over bee

A. Formosa

Pollinator: Hummingbird

A. Pubescens

Pollinator: Hawk Moth

Behavioral isolation?

Hawkmoths will ignore downturned flowers, isolation ensues by not pollinating them w/ the upright pubescens (speciation) 

Mechanical Isolation

when pollinators can no longer access the anthers of the flower —> speciation. Flowers w/ longer spurs cannot/do not reprod. w/ flowers w. shorter spurs