define variable

storage location in a computer program - value - store in memory location

what are primitive data types

data,, floats, whole number values

reference data type?

complex structures, aries, strings

define a variable

named storage location whose value can change while program is running, can be over ridden

define constants and examples

cannot be changed, numeric constants ()/ string constants(‘‘)

use UPPER_CASE

what are reversed words

should not be used - already have their own fixed meanings and should not be used as variable names, function names or identifiers

why cannot you use class as a variable name

it is already reserved word

why can you not use letter/us.ot

you cannot use the symbols

whats camel case

firrstword lowercase second word starts with a capital

what is papscal

both capitals for both parts of the name

what is Sniciss

with underscores

what is kebabcase

using a dash - make sure its not a minus

whats a neumonic

memory aid to know what your value is storing in memory

what are the operators

what are the types of data types

integers/ floats

what is the difference between int/float

+ve,-ve,0

exp, frcat, .

what does concatenate mean

put two strings together

how do you identify a data type

type ()

greetings = ‘hello’ + ‘danny’

print (type(greetings)))

output <class ‘str’>

define type conversion/ typecasting

changing one type of data into another string

int(), float (), str(), complex()

how do you show a type cast in code

print(float(111) + 11)

122.0

how do you type cast variabl data types

i = 59

f = float(i)

define slice

A slice gives from a string one character in the position of the index. E.g. S[i] means the ‘i’ is the position index of the string character

HOW DO YOU SHOW A SLICE

how doo you give the last letter of a string when ou slice

hwo do you convert between strings and integers

how do you get user input

name= input(‘what is your name’)
print( ‘welcome’, name, ‘!’)

how to ask for iinitials if names are already given

initials = name1[0] + ‘.’ + name2[0]

print (‘your initials are’, initials)

elevtor problem

what are the modern applications of programming language

• developed under heavy time constraints

• teams

• run time

• written by a lot of people

define code

seriese of sorted instruction

about python

• guido van rosso

• high skilled language

• portable since high skilled

  • free and open source

compiler porcess

source code → complier → oject code → execture → output

interpreter

source code → interpreter → output

what is a vim command mode

Vim can be used with your command line program to edit programs written in any programming language

what is the difference between equality operators and rational operators

equal or not equal / more than less than

what must you put after each if statement

the colon denotes that the immediate statement is inside

Example program of an if statement

how do you write a prime number program

what is a boolean statement

true or false, 1/0, yes/no

show an if elif else statement (nested)

what is a nested statement

statement that we write upon snother conditional statement, we define a statement and within the block of the statement we define another statement

show a nested if statement

one if statment inside of another

when do you use a nested if statment or an elif statment

elif is when the variables do not depend on each other
nested if is better when the second variable is depending if the first variable passes

what happens if an if statement is nested in an else:

The statement “Congratulations you score a B” is only printed if and only if the outer if condition results in false and the inner if condition results in true. In other words, the first if condition must have to “fail” before the second print statement will print the outcome.

what happens if one nested if else statement is inside another if else statement

it gives you the ability to specify consition and to continue the execution expanding upon the result obtained by checking those conditions set withing the code block

what are for loops

they are used to iterate part of a program several times

define iteration

the process of instructing the python program to repeat the code constrct again, instructions are performed one after another

what doe sthe i represent in the for i in range for loop

placeholder ame which represents the current value in the sequence

how do you use a for loop to right y = 3x² + 3

write for loop for all even numbers

listOfNumbers = [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]

number = 2

for i in listOfNumbers:

evenNumber = number * i # multiply 2 by i

print(evenNumber)

when is a for loop used vs when is a while loop used

for: fixed iterations
while:iterations are not fixed

what are sentinel controlled loop

construct that we write into the while loop condition to instruct our program to stop looping once the sentinel value is entered as an input

while (number ≠ -1)

how do you write a program that will use a nested for loop to find the prime numbers between 2 and 30

what is a break statement used for

to terminate a loop, if in nested it will terminate the innermost loop

what is a continue statement

used to skip the rest of the code inside a loop for the current iteration one, loop does not terminate but continue with next iteration, it moves onto the next available iteration to execute

what is the difference between a pass statement and a null statement

null statement the interpreter ignores a comment entirely, the pass statement is not ignored- the pass statement is a no operation NOP

what are comparison operators

they look at or access variables but do not change the value

what is a function

• re-usable code, which is stored in a segment of memory which will be retrieved, sequential instructional code.

• made up of block statements that perform a specific

• start with DEF keyword

  • argument/parameter should be pass inside the parentheses and begins with :

• sequence of insturctions with a name

what does a greet function look like

• def greet(name):

• print('Hello', name)

• userName = input('Enter your name: ')

• greet(userName)

how are functions stored

stored in code segment of memory,

what are the functions/ features of functions

• holds reusable code

• created to avoid repetition

• recursive nature

• when called compiler remebers the line for which the function is called

• defned by using def keyword

  • useful way of dividing program codes into managable chunks

what are the built in functions

provided as part of the python program such as print input type float in

what are user defined functions

functions we define ourselves, new ‘reserved words’

why use functions?

store and re-use

what does return expression mean

• sends a value/ output back form the function
  
  def add(a, b):

• return a + b

• result = add(5, 3)

• print(result) # Output: 8

revise the built in functions

what are parameters and arguments

• arguments are specific values with data type (int float string_ we pass into the function to perform a specific operation, we can pass several arguments into the function seperated with a comma
  paramater: term can be used interchangably
  The variable defined within the parentheses when we define our function is referred to as a parameter list. While the value we passed into the function when it is called is referred to as an argument.

what is an argument

value we pass into the function as an input

we can instruct the function to perform different kinds of operation when we call it at different times

what are arbitrary arguments

used as a place holder to hold so many values passed in as arguments in a function paramater list, you may not know how many arguments to use, therefore use * to denote arbitrary method before the parameter list

what is function overloading

• in object oriented programming where two or more functions have the same name but are differentiated by a parameter list

  • add(5) → adds one number

  • add(5, 10) → adds two numbers

  • add(5.5, 2.1) → adds floats

return statements

used to finish the execution of a function call and return the result of the value in an expression

• the statements following thereturn statements are skipped

• if there is no expression in the return declaration the unique value none is return

  • you cannot use a retrn statement outside of a function decleration

testing a function

if we run the program containing only the function defentiion then nothing will happen

what does the term black box mean

used in program with given specification but unknown implementation or outcome

what is type casting

process of converting from one data type to another

define scope

scope of a variable is the part of the program in which you can access it, e.g. scope of a functions parameter variable is the entire function

local scope vaiables

variables defined within the confinment of a functio or within a confinment of a for loop/ if statement (block/local to construct)

what are recursive functions

function that calls itself

define depth of recursion

maximum call stack level reached during recursion (deeper = more memory)

what is a slice/substring

A substring (often called a slice in Python) is a piece of a string that you take from a bigger string.

what are functions with parameters

• recieves values from outside, uses those values inside of the function, often returns a result
  
  
  def add(a, b):

• return a + b

what is function overloading

having multiple functions with teh same name but different paramter types that behave differently

why is python special when it comes to function overload

does not allow multiple functions wiht the same name, allows checking types at runtime

what i an argument

when you pass a value in a function

local vs global

defined withiin function - global can be used anywhere

what is a lambda function

A lambda function is a small, anonymous function written in one line

no name, written in one line can contain only one expression automatically returns the resultd

efine a string

sequence of characters within python and programming general.
- arrays of bytes represting unicode characters

define concatinate

the plus sign + - process of joining two or more strings together in a program

what are the 4 ways of joining strings together

+, join(), % string formatting operator, format()

what is an operator overload

meaning of string changes based on data types

how do you use join()

how do you use the % operator for concatinating strings

how do you use the format () function to concatinate strings

how do you access a string

square brackets to access string elements- use index specified in square brackets

what does appending strings mean

adding one string to anotherby using += operator d

define immutable strings

strings whose values cannot be chamged after they are assigned to string object- cannot be uopdated & cannot be re assigned

string formatting operators image and desc