microbio exam 1

The ______ makes the ___________.

The ______ makes the ___________.

dose, poison

You are born without bacteria, you pick up your _________________ as life goes on.

natural flora.

Pathogens

damage body tissue

Prokaryote

no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

eukaryotes

Cells that contain nuclei

what domain are prokaryotes

Bacteria and Archaea

what domain are eukaryotes

fungi, protozoa, and algae

What are the three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Viruses are unable to

reproduce independently

Robert Hooke

built first microscope and discovered the microbe

Antony von Leeuwenhoek (1676)

observed bacteria under microscope 200 years after hooke

spontaneous generation

the mistaken idea that living things arise from nonliving sources

Louis Pasteur

father of pasteurization, did experiment with the cotton plug and broth to disprove spontaneous generation

antibiotics

treat disease

vaccines

prevent disease

Golden Age of Microbiology

Rapid discovery of basic microbiology principles

Germ Theory

microbes cause disease

Robert Koch

Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens

Koch's Postulates

Set of rules for proving that a microorganism causes a specific disease.

What was used to protect against smallpox

cowpox

Alexander Fleming discovered

antibiotics

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

Mutualism

both organisms benefit

Commensalism

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

One organism benefits and the other is harmed

Parasites

microbes that cause harm-inducing infections

Pathogens are

Microbes that cause disease

Pathogenicity

ability to cause disease

Virulence

the extent of pathogenicity

primary pathogens

cause disease in healthy hosts

opportunistic pathogens

cause disease in compromised individuals

narrow host range

can infect only humans

broad host range

infects humans and animals

acute disease

fast onset & short lived

chronic disease

persists for many months

subacute disease

between acute and chronic

latent disease

hidden, inactive, or dormant.

signs

changes in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease

symptons

subjective signs in a body function that is not apparent to the observer. example headache.

Morbidity

rate of illness due to a disease

mortality

rate of death due to a disease

portals are

routes of exit/entry

zoonotic disease

animals to humans

indirect transmission

personal contact of susceptible host with contaminated inanimate object

vehicle transmission

transmission by an inanimate reservoir (food, water, air)

insect vectors

from animal to animal through insects

reservoir

disease holders- only animals

vertical transmission

parent to offspring

direct transmission

by direct contact

endemic

disease always present in a community

epidemic

disease in which the number of cases increase in a community in a short time

Pandemic

disease that spreads worldwide

Biosafety levels

BSL-1

BSL-2

BSL-3

BSL-4

Biosafety level 1

no special precautions

Biosafety level 2

barrier precautions, medium risk

Biosafety Level 3

separate rooms, BSC, can cause serious illness

Biosafety level 4

exposure can be lethal, separate facilities.

light microscope

stained samples

phase contrast microscope

stained or unstained samples

fluorescence microscope

samples stained with fluorescent dye

electron scanning microscope

microscope that produces 3D image of surface

Image is a ________ image with a compound brightfield microscope

mirror

total magnification =

objective lens x ocular lens

Organic cells made up of

CHONPS

synthesis

A + B = AB

Decomposition

AB = A + B

matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Atom

Basic unit of matter

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Neutrons

the particles of the nucleus that have no charge

Protons

positive charge

Electron

negative charge

ionic bond

the attraction between oppositely charged ions

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

hydrophilic

dissolves in water, polar

hydrophobic

does not dissolve in water, nonpolar

Lipid monomer

fatty acid

carb monomer

monosaccharide (simple sugar)

nucleic acids monomer

nucleotides

Protein monomer

amino acids

movement =

protein

Lipids

non-polar macromolecules containing the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

saturated fatty acid

solids, tails packed tightly

unsaturated fatty acid

liquid, tails packed loosely

phospholipid

form lipid bilayer with polar heads oriented outward toward the aqueous environment

carbs are polymers of

monosaccharides

Carbs provide ____________ through _______________.

energy, glucose

Disaccharides are

connected monosaccharides by covalent bonds

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides, they are chains

polymers of glucose

cellulose, starch, glycogen

nucleic acids

chains of nucleotides that code genetic information, include DNA + RNA

nucleotide polymers

DNA and RNA

ACTG

adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine

adenine bonds

Thymine

Cytosine binds to what?

Guanine