fluent types of aphasia
wernicke's conduction transcortical sensory anomia
non-fluent types of aphasia
broca's transcorical motor transcortical mixed global
types of stroke
ischemic hemorrhagic
symptoms of stroke (sudden onset)
weakness numbness aphasia vision loss double vision vertigo imbalance incoordination
types of paraphasia
global semantic neologism phonetic jargon circumlocution
global (verbal) paraphasia
entire word is substituted for intended word (unrelated word)
semantic paraphasia
word belongs to the same semantic field
neologism paraphasia
a novel or newly coined word
phonetic (literal) paraphasia
phoneme is added or substituted for the correct phoneme
jargon paraphasia
long stream of verbal output that is incomprehensible
circumlocution paraphasia
describing the intended word
wernicke's aphasia
poor auditory and reading comprehension
poor repetition
poor naming
poor writing
poor monitoring
logorrhea (overload of verbal output)
paraphasias:
neologism
jargon
semantic
phonemic (literal)
conduction aphasia
intact comprehension
impaired repetition
impaired naming
impaired writing
paraphasias:
literal/phonemic
transcortical sensory aphasia
poor auditory comprehension
poor confrontation naming
good repetition
paraphasias:
global
neologism
anomic apahasia
good auditory and reading comprehension
good repetition
poor naming/word retrieval
paraphasias:
circumlocution
broca's aphasia
good auditory and reading comprehension
poor repetition -poor naming
poor writing and reading aloud
limited vocabulary
right hemiparesis
telegraphic speech (agrammatism)
self aware of errors --> depression, frustration
paraphasias:
phonemic/literal
transcortical motor aphasia
good auditory and reading comprehension
good repetition
good naming
may perseverate
impaired writing and reading aloud
syntactic errors
mild dysarthria
paraphasias:
phonemic/literal
transcortical mixed aphasia
poor auditory and reading comprehension
good repetition
poor naming
may perseverate
rare type of aphasia *
global aphasia
poor auditory and reading comprehension
poor repetition
poor naming
restricted vocabulary
limited understandable communication/output
stereotypic utterances
some people may start out with a diagnosis of global but develop into a different type over time *
exceptional aphasias
basal ganglia (subcortical) thalamic (subcortical) crossed primary progressive
basal ganglia aphasia
comprehension deficits
dysarthria
motor impairments
thalamic aphasia
non fluent
good comprehension
semantic paraphasia
crossed aphasia
right-handed individuals with right hemisphere lesions
similar to other aphasias but with right hemisphere deficits
visual neglect on left side
trouble understanding jokes
primary progressive aphasia
gradual progression without evidence of non-language impairments
involves left hemisphere perisylvian region
general definition of aphasia
an acquired language disorder that is neurological in origin and not a problem of intellect or sensation
Fredric Darley's definition of aphasia
aphasia is an impairment (caused by brain damage) of the person's capacity for interpretation and formation of language symbols; results in a reduction in efficiency of interpreting and forming language symbols but it is not a problem of loss
Papathanasiou's definition of aphasia
results from a focal brain lesion in the language dominant hemisphere and affects the person's communicative and social functioning as well as the quality of life of the relatives and care persons
localizationism
belief that the brain relies on centers and pathways
holism
belief that the brain is a unitary function and that everything is connected; if something is not working properly it will affect the function of the brain
people who believed in localizationism
Bouillaud located speech as a part of the frontal lobe
Broca located where speech and language occur in the brain (BA 44, 45)
Wernicke located the posterior area of the perisylvian region as where auditory reception/processing of language occurs (BA 22)
Geschwind created the Boston classification of aphasia
people who believed in holism
Jackson believed language faculty was intertwined with memory and discussed hemispheric asymmetry
Head discussed aphasia regarding assessments
objections to localizationism
assumes that if the lesion site is different, the symptoms will always be different although there could be variability in symptoms across patients with the same lesion site
pure localization does not explain some phenomena like the variability in loss/ability, pure localization would mean total loss of ability
definition of neuroplasticity
the brain's capacity to change at the micro level (neural plasticity) and the macro level (behavioral plasticity) in response to environmental changes or changes in the organism itself
adaptive vs maladaptive plasticity
adaptive = efficient rerouting
maladaptive = inefficient rewiring resulting in the persistence of aphasic symptoms and poor recovery
Wernicke's aphasia lesion site
posterior half of first temporal gyrus
conduction aphasia lesion site
left supra marginal gyrus
transcortical sensory aphasia lesion site
angular and posterior middle temporal gyrus
anomia aphasia lesion site
no specific site; typically inferior parietal lobe
Broca's aphasia lesion site
left inferior frontal gyrus
transcortical motor aphasia lesion site
Connection of supplementary motor area and frontal perisylvian areas
transcortical mixed aphasia lesion site
Broca’s & Wernicke’s intact, but “isolated” by damage of perisylvian association cortex
global aphasia lesion site
Perisylvian association cortex
subtypes of ischemic stroke
cardioembolic
atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease
lacunar
cryptogenic
subtypes of hemorrhagic stroke
intracerebral (bleeding inside brain)
subarachnoid (bleeding around brain)
10 principles of experience based neuroplasticity
use it or lose it
use it and improve it
specificity (nature of training experience dictates nature of plasticity)
repetition
intensity
time
salience (experience must be important)
age
transference (one training experience can enhance acquisition of similar behaviors)
interference
definition of stroke
sudden onset of focal brain dysfunction caused by a disruption in blood flow and oxygen to the brain
TIA
transient ischemic attack
mini stroke
symptoms last less than 24 hours
common stroke syndromes
left MCA stroke (middle cerebral artery)
right MCA stroke
left MCA stroke
aphasia
left gaze deviation
right side numbness/weakness
right visual field loss
right MCA stroke
contralateral neglect (inability to attend to stimuli on one side of space)
denial of weakness/impairment
right gaze deviation
left visual field loss
left side numbness/weakness
cardioembolic ischemic stroke
results from blood clot forming in another area of the body and being carried through the bloodstream, lodging in an artery supply blood to the brain and blocking blood flow
atherothrombotic cerebrovascular disease (ischemic stroke)
can cause stroke when normal blood flow is disrupted by severe arterial blockage from plaque buildup in arteries and clotting occurs
lacunar ischemic stroke
results from occlusive disease of small penetrating arteries of the brain
cryptogenic ischemic stroke
underlying etiology of stroke remains obscure
intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a defective artery in the brain ruptures the surrounding area fills up with blood
subarachnoid hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel on the surface of the brain ruptures and causes bleeding around the brain