Chapter 12: Learning, Memory, and Amnesia (part 3)

object-recognition- monkey study set up:

1. monkey moves sample object to obtain _____ in the well beneath it

2. trained to _____ → taught that blue disk= _____

3. screen is lowered in front of the monkey during the _____ _____

4. monkey is confronted with the _____ and _____ object; must pick up novel object for food (_____ _____ exercise) 

5. monkey must remember the sample object and then select the _____ object to obtain the food

food, proficiency, food, delay period, sample, unfamiliar, sample, unfamiliar, working memory, unfamiliar

object recognition- monkey study findings:

in monkeys with bilateral medial temporal lobectomies → _____ deficits through delayed _____-_____-_____-_____ test

deficits revealed when threshold for _____ was exceeded, which means that there was no _____ from working to LTM

LTM, non-matching-to-sample, STM, encoding

DNMTS for rats:

better than monkeys because lesioning was problematic in monkeys (difficult to _____ and _____ damage)

researchers did many specific operations to establish _____

hippocampus + amygdala + rhinal cortex= (deficits/ no)

rhinal cortex only= (deficits/ no)

hippocampus only= (deficits/ no)

amygdala only= (deficits/ no)

so, the _____ _____ is the primary structure associated with LTM

access, extraneous, comparison, deficits, deficits, no, no, rhinal cortex

hippocampus’ role in memory:

rhinal cortex plays an important role in _____ _____ (WM → LTM based on _____ _____)

hippocampus plays a key role in memory for _____ _____

many hippocampus cells are place cells, meaning they fire _____ when we are in a _____ place

object recognition, visual cues, spatial location, optimally, specific

memory storage:

hippocampus- _____ _____

perirhinal cortex- _____ _____

inferotemporal cortex- _____ perception of objects

spatial location, object recognition, visual

memory storage:

amygdala- _____ learning

prefrontal cortex- paying _____ and _____

cerebellum and striatum- (implicit/explicit); cerebellum stores _____ memory and striatum stores _____

emotional, attention, sequences, implicit, procedural, habits

brain changes in learning:

learning is a form of neural _____ that changes behavior by _____ neural connections

hebb rule- if an axon of a presynaptic neuron is _____ while the postsynaptic neuron is _____, the synapse between them will be _____

plasticity, remodeling, active, firing, strengthened

long-term potentiation- principles:

persistent _____ of synapses that result from the simultaneous _____ of presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons

creation of more _____ receptors

once enacted, a _____ stimulus can adequately open channels

strengthening, activation, glutamate, weaker

long-term potentiation- steps:

1. a strong or repeated _____ causes the _____ neuron to release _____ into the synaptic cleft, which then binds to receptors in the _____ neuron

2. neurotransmitter opens _____ receptors, allowing _____ to enter and depolarize the postsynaptic membrane. this depolarization is necessary to remove _____ from _____ receptors

3. once unblocked, _____ receptors open and allow _____ to flow into the postsynaptic cell → _____ signaling pathways are activated

4. _____ activates calmodulin and CaMKII, which phosphorylate proteins and _____ the signal, promoting LTP

5. activated kinases allow for more _____ receptors to be inserted into the postsynaptic membrane → stronger postsynaptic response → larger _____

6. continued activation causes _____ transcription and new _____ synthesis, growing dendritic spines

stimulus, presynaptic, glutamate, postsynaptic, AMPA, sodium, magnesium, NMDA, NMDA, calcium, intracellular, calcium, amplify, AMPA, EPSPs, gene, protein

consolidation and sleep:

LTP happens quickly in the _____ but longer time is needed for LT storage of _____ memories in cortex

hippocampus transfers info to _____ when hippocampus is at _____

during sleep, neurons in hippocampus and cortical areas _____ the pattern of firing that occurred during _____

hippocampus, declarative, cortex, rest, repeat, learning