anatomy exam 4 iupui

CNS

brain and spinal cord, no nerves

PNS

nerves and ganglia

afferent (sensory)

impulses are carried from sensory receptors through the PNS toward the CNS

sensory

ascending, afferent, dorsal

efferent (motor)

impulses are carried away from the CNS through the PNS, to the effectors

motor

descending, efferent, ventral

efferent (motor)

are tectospinal and retrospinal efferent (motor) or afferent (sensory)?

afferent (sensory)

is spinothalamic and spinalrulor efferent (motor) or afferent (sensory)

perineurium

surrounds each fascicle

Epineurium

surrounds the entire nerve

Endoneurium

surrounds each axon (fiber)

motor

the precentral gyrus is ventral, so what is its' pathway

sensory

the postcentral gyrus is dorsal, so what is its' pathway

autonomic nervous system

provides automatic control, regulating of smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glandular activity

somatic nervous system

provides voluntary control over skeletal muscle contraction

faster

the more myelin wrapping around a neuron makes it faster or slower?

yes, through the nose

can you get things past the blood-brain barrier? if yes then how

taste

gustation=

neuroglia

nerve glue, supporting cells of the nervous sytem, phagocytes

because there are no centrioles

neurons are mononucleated and why can't they replicate?

nissl bodies

RER; free ribosomes, acitvely producing things, (neurotransmitter)

gray

______ matter is unmyelinated

white

______ matter in myelinated

terminal bouton

the area where one neuron synapses on another

ganglia

clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

nerves

bundles of axons in the PNS

dendrites

receptive regions that conduct signals from other neurons toward the neuron cell body

axon

most neurons have one _____ that generates and conducts nerve impulses away from the neuron cell body

synapse

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes

neuroglia of the CNS include? 4 of them

Schwann cells and satellite cells

neuroglia of the PNS? 2 of them

subarachnoid space, ventricles of the brain and central canal

CSF lives in? 3 of them

chemotaxis

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus and axons know where to go

astrocytes

largest, most numerous glial cells; maintain blood-brain barrier to isolate CNS from general circulation and prevent things from getting to the brain; forms matrix, provide structural support for CNS; regulate ion and nutrient concentrations;

Microglia

phagocytic cells of the CNS, remove disease (macrophages)

ependymal cells

glial cells of the CNS that line cavities of the brain and spinal cord, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

Oligodendrocytes

glial cells that maintain cellular organization in gray matter and produce myelin to sheath areas of white matter, one can myelinate many

Schwann cells

Type of glia in the PNS, Supporting cells of the PNS responsible for the formation of myelin, covers all peripheral axons whether myelinated or unmyelinated

Schwann cells

if you put a pin through, you'll hit _________ whether or not you're hitting myelinated axons

satellite cells

surround neuron cell bodies within the PNS ganglia, regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the neuron cell body and extracellular fluid, keep the cell healthy

Nodes of Ranvier

gaps in the myelin sheath

sensory

______ neurons enter the spinal cord dorsally

motor

______ neurons exit the spinal cord ventrally

Exteroceptors

detect external stimuli (touch, temp, pressure, sight, smell, hearing)

proprioceptors

monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

Interoceptors

monitor visceral organs and functions, deep pressure, pain and taste

myelin

fat wrapping, that gives white matter its whiteness

excitability

depolarization, ability of plasmalemma to conduct electrical impulses is?

Depolarization

a reduction in membrane potential (the interior of the neuron becomes less negative) (excitation)

Hyperpolarization

membrane potential becomes more negative (inhibiting)

divergent

one to many

convergent

many to one

serial processing

single line

reverberation

homeostasis, maintained by negative feedback loops

CNS

responsible for processing and integrating sensory info, planning and coordinating responses to stimuli- short term

PNS

neural tissue outside the CNS whose function is to link the CNS with sense organs and other systems

ANS

CNS and PNS components that are concerned with control of visceral function

nucleus

CNS center with discrete boundaries

tract

Bundle of nerve processes inside the CNS.that share a common origin

column

group of tracts within specific region of spinal cord

neural cortex

a layer of gray matter at the surface of the brain

L1-L2

Spinal cord ends between

intervetebral foramen

spinal never enter or exit here

filum terminale

filament that holds the spinal cord in place

conus medullaris

end of spinal cord is called

dura

tough, fibrous layer that covers the spinal cord, contains epidural space

arachnoid

subdural space cavity.. subarachnoid space

pia mater

contains denticulate ligaments and filum terminale, inner layer, and cauda equina

deep

in spinal cord, gray matter is _____ to white

superficial

in brain, gray matter is _____ to white

visceral

lateral horns consist of ____ motor neurons

somatic

anterior gray horns provide _____ motor control

somatic and visceral

posterior gray horns consist of ____ and ____ nuclei

musculocutaneous nerve

most lateral brachial nerve

ulnar nerve

most medial brachial nerve

sciatic nerve

comes from sacral plexus, exits inferior to piriformis muscle, innervates all lower limb except anterior and medial thigh

ANS

regulates body temp and coordinates cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and reproductive functions, subconcious level, processes that maintain homeostasis

reflex

immediate involuntary response to a specific stimulus

Aquired reflexes

learned reflex is called

innate reflexes

basic neural reflexes formed before birth

sensory info

leg, hip, trunk, arm are part of what info

motor info

hand, arm, shoulder, trunk, flexors, extensors, are part of what info

motor

precentral gyrus=

sensory

postcentral gyrus=

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

choroid plexus

produces CSF, worm-like, floats within ventricles of brain

primary motor cortex

the section of the frontal lobe responsible for voluntary movement

primary sensory cortex

regions of the cerebral cortex parietal lobe that initially process information from the senses

visual cortex

The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.

auditory cortex

the area of the temporal lobe responsible for processing sound information

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking

claustrum

processes visual information at a subconscious level, "what is today"

corpus callosum

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

basal ganglia

dopamine neurons

inability to make new memories

damage to the hippocampus would result in?

Amygdala

sex, fear, aggression

thalamus

Relay station for sensory information

pineal body

sleep/wake cycle, ceratonin metabolized in melatonin

Hypothalamus

most important visceral control center, regulates sleep cycles, hunger, thirst, body temp, section of pituitary gland, and ANS, can regulate some emotions and behaviors

Epithalamus

contains the pineal gland, controls circadian rhythm