Studied by 2 peopleurban
busy, built up areas with high population density
rural
areas of open space and sparse population density
urban-rural continuum
a sliding scale with urban areas at one and remote rural areas at another end
sphere of influence
an area affected by a place
counter-urbanisation, with example of St Ives, Cambridgeshire
the movement of people and businesses from large cities to smaller towns and rural areas
value of property in the area has doubled
people in St Ives have a higher income compared to the rest of the UK, earning high wages in London, some disposable income spent on the local area, enhancing local services
dormitory village
large proportion of poulation commute to work leaving a small daytime population
threshold population
number of people needed to support a service and keep it open; smaller the shop the lower the threshold population as less profit needed to pay bills
why are services closing in local areas?
counter-urbanisation not necessarily increasing the number of people who use local services
many commuters will choose services in their (urban) place of work
counter-urbanisation pushes up housing prices - less and less locals live in the area as the younger generation cannot afford house prices and move away; these are the people who would have worked and shopped locally
property prices rise so do rents for businesses
threshold population is not being met
technological changes - online shopping
happens in accessible rural areas - where they are in the sphere of influence of an urban area
rural depopulation
population decline in a country, region or small scale area, resulting from either net migration loss, or natural decrease of population, or both
leads to rural deprivation and poverty
cycle of rural depopulation
population decline
lower population to reach threshold values
service decline
lack of employment opportunities
reduced economic attractiveness
Egan Wheel Sustainability Requirements
fair for everyone
thriving
well designed and built
active, inclusive and safe
well run
well connected
well served
environmentally sensitive
factors that affect population change in the UK
migration
maternity pay for women
child benefits
access to NHS
improved education
improved diets
improved public sanitation
mechanisation of farms
emancipation of women
increased access to contraception
medical developments such as penicillin
pros and cons of migration
migrants take up less desirable, menial jobs which natives would not take but need filling
can gain skilled labour for cheap
pros and cons of brownfield sites
infrastructure already in place
more environmentally friendly and sustainable than building on greenfield sites
can improve the look of an area - generation
well connected sites - often located in inner cities
can be expensive - sites could be contaminated with industrial waste requiring decontamination
old buildings will have to be demolished
immediate access to the area may be poor with congested roads
pros and cons of greenfield sites
new sites do not need clearing, so can be cheaper to prepare
pleasant countryside environment may appeal to potential home owners
more space for gardens
no restrictions of existing road network
land can be cheaper on outskirt so plots can be larger
some shops and business parks on outskirts provide local facilities
new infrastructure will need to be built e.g. roads, drains, electricity, gas
destroys wildlife habitats
more traffic on country roads
less land for farming
encourages urban sprawl
may encourage more car travel as people need to commute to and from work
how is BedZed sustainable (built on brownfield site)?
save 10-20% on energy
sedum plants on rooves collect rain water which could be used to flush toilets; cleaning water is very energy intensive using chemicals, grey water to flush toilets saves energy
lots of natural light, no need for central heating system or ac - thick walls, vents, capture wind for summer
people know 20 neighbours than average 8
train, tram, bus stops very near
40 electric car charging points
easy access to shared cars
facts about Himley View built on greenfield site
increased traffic, pollution
well-connected e.g. M5 within easy reach
current residents would not like it as higher demand for new houses increases house prices
health issues - disease will spread more easily
environmental issues - wildlife displaced, habitats destroyed
pressure put on schools, banks thrive
Birmingham Aiport 30km away
why did King Street, Hammersmith decline and how are they fighting back?
opening of Westfield in 2008 - in Westfield’s sphere of influence
development of Lyric theatre - young people - attractive for social interaction
effective and reliable CCTV system, pedestrian countdown signals and widened sections of footway will make King Street feel much more safer, especially at night
new bike racks in some sections of the high street
evidence of success - IKEA, H&M moved here, shows big brands showing interest
good flow of customers, even during weekday
however has developed into a clone street
describe the global location of Mumbai.
located on the West Coast of India, in the state of Maharashtra - next to the Arabian Sea
19N 72E
what makes Mumbai a global city?
migration and culture - Bollywood industry based here e.g. Slumdog Millionaire - films watched across the world
governance and decision making - Tata Steel, which employs people in over 100 countries has its HQ in Mumbai
Mumbai International Airport - serves countries across the globe e.g. you can be in London in 9 hours
The World Trade Centres Association has a conference and hotel facility in Mumbai
over 1600 Bollywood films are produced a year and over 2.6 billion tickets sold
68%-90% people work in the informal sector
40% of city not connected to sewer lines
accounted for 6.11% of waste in India 2011-2012
push and pull factors of Mumbai
better jobs and training opportunities
pulled due to mechanisation of farming, reduced jobs available and increased uncertainty placed on farming due to climate change
India’s rail system has some of the lowest fares in the world - it costs around £2.50 to travel from Kolkata to Mumbai. this enables people to complete the journey
1 in 6 living in a slum high house prices,
facts about Dharavi
slum located in central Mumbai
next to a train station = located between Mumbai’s two main suburban rail lines
on a marshland
on a peninsula
rudimentary sanitation
huge sense of community
India’s largest slum
population of 1,000,000
lots of pollution, rubbish, sewage pipes, drainage
disorderly, no maps or signs
over 500 people share 1 latrine
water shared with 12 other neighbouring homes - 2 hours per day till the next day
annual economic output estimated to be $600m to more than $1 billion
fertility rate 1.9 compared to 1.4 in non-slum area
25% of women in slums are a victim of spousal violence, compared to 15% in non-slum areas
how has living condiitons been improved in Dharavi
new metro being built
new homing scheme - large open areas and terrace for children to play and community gatherings
clean, running water - new sewer system being installed by local NGOs
what makes London a global city?
around 300 different languages spoken in London and there are least 14 different faiths practised here
London is home to some of the world’s top universities, including Imperial College London and UCL
Heathrow Airport - focal point for transport with more than 100,000 flights in and out of London to and from global destinations
first city in the world to have an underground railway i.e. the Tube, carries more than 1.34 billion passengers per year
37% of the population were born outside of the UK
near Greenwich Meridian
pull factors to London
free access to healthcare
free schooling
easily accessible - 5 airports
75% are employed (16-64 i.e. working age) in London in 2021 according to National Statistics
50-70% in good health compared to 35-50% in good health in Birmingham
74% of adults in poverty in London almost 1 million, up from 62% a decade ago
housing crisis - affordability and lack of social houses
mostly apartments in London - more pragmatic
4/10 Londoners do not meet what is deemed to be an acceptable standard of living
building council housing - £4.8 billion from the government to build 115,000 affordable homes by March 2022
ULEZ to tackle pollution
Hammersmith and Fulham Council launched a new pollution-free delivery service, allows businesses to have their products devilered by a CO2 emission-free cargo bike + 250 electric car charging points
uber eats using bicycles
food banks - Trussel Trust - provided three days of nutritionally balanced food for 2.5 million people between 2020-21
food bank usage has increased by 73% since 2014
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