DONT USE - WRONG INFO

Evidence of climate change

Rising sea level of 10-20cm in 100 years, seasonal change eg flowering takes place at a different time, shrinking glaciers most will be gone by 2035

Causes of climate change- natural

Changes in earths orbit, varied heat output from sun, volcanic activity ash blocks out sunlight

Causes of climate change- human

Burning fossil fuels and realising co2 or deforestation

Effects of climate change on people

Can bring weather hazards and take lives or property. eg rainfall brings mosquitoes and malaria

Managing climate change

Carbon capture and storage technology to capture co2 from burning fossil fuels, using alternative energy resources, planting trees, international agreement

Epping Forest

North East of London on Essex border, 4km wide, deciduous woodland, vegetation determined by climate

Primary producer

Organisms that produce energy available for other organisms to eat eg plants and photosynthesis

Consumers

Get energy by consuming other organisms

Nutrient cycle

The movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter

How can change affect an eco system?

Natural- drought dries out lake

Tropical rainforest distribution

Close to equator high temp heavy rainfall due to low equatorial pressure belt

Desert distribution

30 degrees north and south of equator sub tropic high pressure belts sinking air stops cloud forming

Polar distribution

Arctic/Antartic

Deciduous and coniferous

50-60 degrees north of equator shed leaves in winter to retain moisture

Temperate Grassland distribution

30 degrees north and south of equator warm dry summer grass can tolerate because used for grazing animals

Mediterranean distribution

40-45 degrees north of equator hot summer due to pressure belts moving north and south throughout year

Tropical grassland (savanna) distribution

15-30 north and south of equator low latitudes dry season hot fires thunderstorms in wet season

Tundra distribution

From Arctic circle to 60-70 degrees north low growing plants adapted to cold

Where is the Amazon Rainforest located?

South America (Brazil)

Example of Amazon rainforest plant adaptation

Buttress roots-spread out across wide area,and go deep to absorb more nutrients

Example of an Amazon rainforest animal adaptation

Flying squirrels-have "wings" flaps of skin like a wing suit and they glide between trees

Threats to Amazon Rainforest

Commercial logging for palm oil, subsistence farming tribes burn trees to clear land, mineral extraction drilling for oil and gas, road building trees cut down

Impacts of threats on Amazon rainforest

Soil erodes and becomes loose and infertile, loss of biodiversity and medicine, contribution to climate change

Economic gains of deforestation

Improved transport, hydroelectric power, minerals are valuable, palm oil industry benefits

Economic losses of deforestation

Medicine loss

Why manage rainforests?

Medicine, to keep biodiversity, water sources, tribes, reduce rate of global warming

How to manage the Amazon rainforest

Selective logging and afforestation, conservation and education (preserving rainforest), international agreements, Ecotourism, Forest Estates have been created by the government where no change of land use is allowed, Creation of National Parks to protect biodiversity

Sahara Desert

the largest desert in the world, covering most of northern Africa

How plants and animals adapt to the physical conditions? (Hot desert)

Nocturnal animals keep cool by sleeping when it's most hotFennec foxes have large ears

Challenges in the Sahara desert

Population is only 2.5 million some ppl are nomadic(don't stay in one place for long)

Opportunity of the sahara Desert

Mineral resources-iron,copper,lead and silver

Solar energy

Farming-irrigation Aswan Dam provides Egypt with water all year round

Causes of desertification

climate change and human activities

Rainfall,temperature,removal of fuel food,overgrazing

Managing desertification

Water management-grow crops that need little water,tree planting,soil management

How do waves form?

Waves form by wind blowing over the sea and the friction causes ripples

Freeze thaw weathering

Water flows into cracks and freezes cracks then is weakened and is easier to be eroded

Constructive waves

Deposit large amounts of sand and pebbles construct beaches strong swash (spilling)

Destructive waves

Formed by storms can destroy beach removing pebbles with strong backwash (plunging)

Mechanical weathering (cliffs)

The disintegration (break up of rocks) eg freeze thaw

Chemical weathering (cliffs)

Caused by chemical changes eg rain water is acidic

Biological weathering (cliffs)

Plants growing in cracks and animals burrowing in weak rock

Rockfall (mass movement)

Fragments of rock break away from cliff face due to freeze thaw

Landslide (mass movement)

Blocks of rock slide downhill

Mud flow (mass movement)

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down slope

Rotational slip (mass movement)

Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface

5 kinds of coastal erosion

Solution, corrosion, abrasion, attrition, hydraulic power

Solution

Dissolving of rocks due to chemicals in water

Corrosion

Fragments of rock picked up and hurled at cliff

Abrasion

Sandpapering pebbles grinding against platform until smooth

Attrition

Pebbles carried by sea knock against each other to be smaller and rounder

Hydraulic power

Trapped air forced into holes cracks rock

Coastal transportation 4 kinds

Solution; Suspension; Traction; Saltation

Solution

Dissolved chemicals from limestone or chalk float in water

Suspension

Particles suspended in water

Saltation

Hopping or bouncing motion of particles too heavy to suspend

Traction

Rolled pebbles

Longshore drift

Swash carries sediment up beach backwash carries sediment back down as waves draw back at 90 degrees

Headlands and bays

Different types of rock erode at different rates softer rock erodes to a bay whilst resistant rock becomes a headland

Wave cut platform

A flat area of rock in front of a cliff created by cliff retreat

Stack formation

Hydraulic action crack, cave, arch, stack, stump

Sand dunes

Hills of sand shaped by the wind

Spits

Thin lines of sand deposited by long shore drift strong winds cause curve in sheltered bit behind spit there may be a salt marsh

Bars

Longshore drift caucuses spit to grow across a bay trapping a lake behind it causing a bar waves deposit sediment due to friction with seabed, build up of sediment cause wave to break from coast

Swanage

Seaside town in Dorset in a sheltered bay and headland. Indented coastline called discordant coastline. On south coast there is only limestone and it's a concordant coast. 2 spits at mouth of harbour.

Why do coasts like Swanage need to be managed?

Maintain balance between forces of nature and people protects houses

Sea wall (coast defence)

Concrete protect cliffs, waves can erode it and it is expensive and ugly

Gryone (coast defence)

Wooden fence built at right angles in beach, prevents long shore drift but can create erosion down the cost, unattractive and expensive

Gabions (coast defence)

Steel mesh cages filled with small rocks, absorb wave energy. Inexpensive not attractive

Beach nourishment (coast defence)

Dumping new sand onto eroding beaches to restore them, needs maintaining and is costly

Managed retreat (coast defence)

Certain areas can flood is natural but is required to compensate those who lose land

Beach stabilisation (coast defence)

Planting dead trees in sand widens beach but requires maintenance

Dune regeneration (coast defence)

New sand dunes which absorb wave energy but results in land loss

Lyme Regis coastal management

Small coastal town south coast famous for fossils popular tourist place

Issue is that the town is on an unstable cliff, it is being managed by the council who provide coastal protection and reduce threat of land slips. Winter 2003-2004 £1.4 mill project to stabilise cliffs nails used to hold rocks together and improved draining and re profiling of beach slope

Outcomes new beaches increased tourism, new defences, new tourists led to conflict with traffic and litter, defences are ugly

Drainage basin

An area drained by a major river and its tributaries

Source

Start of a river

Tributary

A stream or river that flows into a larger river

Confluence

Where a tributary joins a larger river

Fluvial river processes

Hydraulic action, abrasion, attrition, solution from limestone or chalk

Deposition

Occurs when the velocity decreases and there is no more energy

Interlocking spurs

Areas of high land which stick out into a steep-sided valley

Waterfalls

Soft rock erodes more quickly undercutting hard rock and hard rock over hangs and eventually collapses fallen rock goes into plunge pool

Meanders

A winding, looping curve in the course of a river on soft, flat flood plain

Floodplains

the flat area around a river that is covered with sediment as a result of frequent flooding

Oxbow lake

Meander neck gradually eroded water now takes shortest route and deposition seals old meander which is cut off and forms ox bow lake

River Tees

North east England source is in the Pennie Hills near Cross Fell. Reaches north sea at Middlesbrough. High Force waterfall's the UKs most impressive located near Teasdale in the rivers upper course. River drops 20m as a single sheet of water. Formed due to a resistant band of igneous rock.

Factors increasing flood risk

Precipitation, Geology, Steep slopes

Banbury Managing floods

Located in Coltswold Hills about 50km north of Oxford

Has history of flooding and £12.5 million damage 150 homes and businesses affected

To reduce risk flood defence scheme completed earth embankment built to create a flood storage area and raised the A361

Social- Raised A361 will be open in flood

Economic- Cost of scheme £18.5 mil

Environmental- 100,000 tonnes of earth used to build embankment

Selective logging

Carefully selected trees are cut down and only what is needed leaving others so it's sustainable

Continental crust

Less dense older cannot be renewed

Oceanic crust

More dense newer can be renewed

Example of destructive plate

Eurasian and Australian plate