Purdue BIOL 203 Exam 2

Frontal

Front of skull

Nasal

Bone between eyes

Vomer

Inside nose, deep

Inferior Nasal Concha

Inside nose, superficial

Maxilla

Upper jaw

Mandible

Lower jaw

Parietal

Largest skull bone, back of skull

Sphenoid

Side of skull, towards front

Ethmoid

In eye, deep

Lacrimal

In eye, superficial

Zygomatic

Cheek bone

Temporal

Side of skull, towards back

Occipital

Back of skull

Lunate

Closest to ulna, helps hold hamate

Pisiform

Helps hold hamate to ulna

Triquetrum

Holds pisiform, helps hold hamate to ulna

Hamate

Connects ring and pinky finger to wrist

Scaphoid

Connects trapezium, trapezoid and capitate to radius

Capitate

Connects middle finger to wrist

Trapezoid

Connects pointer finger to wrist

Trapezium

Connects thumb to wrist

Metacarpus

In finger, from first knuckle to second knuckle

Proximal Phalange

In fingers and toes, from second knuckle to third knuckle

Intermediate Phalange

In fingers and toes, from third knuckle to near tip

Distal Phalange

In fingers and toes, from near tip to tip of finger

Calcaneus

Heel bone

Talus

Upper ankle bone

Navicular

Ankle bone that connects cuneiforms to talus

Cuboid

Bone connecting ankle to fourth and fifth toe

Lateral Cuneiform

Bone connecting ankle to third toe

Intermediate Cuneiform

Bone connecting ankle to second toe

Medial Cuneiform

Bone connecting ankle to first toe

Metatarsal

In toes, from first knuckle to second knuckle

Palatine

On roof of mouth

Hyoid

U-shaped bone, under jaw

Incus

In ear, chicken drumstick shaped. Second bone in.

Stapes

In ear, stirrup shaped. Third bone in.

Malleus

In ear, horse hoof shaped. First bone in.

Scapula

Back of body, towards shoulder

Clavicle

Front of body, towards shoulder

Sternum

Connects ribs in the middle of the body (by true ribs)

True Ribs

First seven ribs, attached to sternum

False Ribs

Next three ribs, only attached to spine

Floating Ribs

Last two ribs not attached to spine or sternum

Humerus

Bone between shoulder and elbow

Radius

Thumb side bone from elbow to wrist

Ulna

Pinky side bone from elbow to wrist

Cervical Vertebrae

First seven vertebrae

Thoracic Vertebrae

Second twelve vertebrae

Lumbar Vertebrae

Third five vertebrae

Sacrum

Fourth one vertebrae

Coccyx

Fifth one vertebrae

Ilium

Upper part of pelvis

Ischium

Lower part of pelvis

Pubis

Pubic symphysis area

Hip

Made of ilium, ischium and pubis

Femur

Bone between pelvis and patella

Patella

Kneecap

Tibia

Inner bone between patella and ankle

Fibula

Outer bone between patella and ankle

Stem cells

Undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes. In deepest layer of epidermis

Keratinocytes

Great majority of epidermal cells; synthesize keratin

Melanocytes

Synthesize pigment melanin; shields DNA ultraviolet radiation

Tactile cells

Touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers

Dendritic cells

Macrophages originating in the bone marrow that guard against pathogens

Stratum corneum

Several layers (up to 30) of dead, scaly, keratinized cells. Resists abrasion, penetration and water loss. Top layer

Stratum lucidum

Thin, pale layer only found in thick skin. Keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleiden

Stratum granulosum

Three to five layers of flat keratinocytes. Cells contain dark staining keratohyalin granules.

Stratum spinosum

Several layers of keratinocytes joined by desmosomes and tight junctions. Named for appearance of cells after histology preparation (spiny). Also contains dendritic cells

Stratum basale

Single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes. Also contains a few melanocytes and tactile cells. Where keratinocytes are produced by mitosis. When new keratinocytes are produced, old ones are pushed towards the top.

Dermis

Ranges from 0.2mm (eyelids) to 4mm (palms and soles). Composed mainly of collagen. Well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands and nerve endings. Houses hair follicles and nail roots. Muscles of facial expression attach to dermis. Wavy, conspicuous boundary between dermis and epidermis. Dermal papillae are upward, finger-like extension of dermis. Epidermal ridges are downward waves of epidermis

Epidermis

Outer layer of skin composed of four to five layers

Papillary layer

Thin zone of areolar tissue in and near the dermal papilla. Allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells. Rich in small blood vessels

Reticular layer

Thicker layer of dense, irregular connective tissue. Stretch marks (striae) are tears in the collagen fibers caused by stretching of the skin due to pregnancy or obesity

Darker skin

Have more eumelanin. Melanocytes produce greater quantities of melanin. Melanin breaks down more slowly. Melanin granules more spread out in keratinocytes. Melanized cells can be throughout the epidermis

Lighter skin

More pheomelanin. Melanin clumped near keratinocyte nucleus little melanin seen beyond stratum basale

Cyanosis

Blueness due to oxygen deficiency

Erythema

Redness due to increased blood flow to skin

Pallor

Paleness due to decreased blood flow to skin

Albinism

White skin due to genetic lack of melanin

Jaundice

Yellowing due to bilirubin in the blood. Can be caused by compromised liver function

Hematoma

Bruising. Clotted blood under skin

Lanugo hair

Fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last three months of development

Vellus hair

Fine, pale hair that replaces lanugo hair by the time of birth

Terminal hair

Longer, coarser, and more heavily pigmented hair

Medulla

Core of loosely arranged cells and airspaces in a hair strand

Cortex

Constitutes bulk of hair, several layers of elongated keratinocyte cells. Types of pigments determine color → eumelanin (brown/black), pheomelanin (red/blonde)

Cuticle

Composed of multiple layers of very thin, scaly cells that overlap

Anagen

Active growth phase for hair growth

Catagen

Transitionary phase for hair growth

Telogen

Resting phase I for hair growth

Return to anagen

Hair starts to grow again after hair follicle falls off

Hair functions

Alert of parasites, scalp hair, pubic/axillary hair, guard hairs, eyelashes/eyebrows, hair on trunk/limbs

Nail plate

The fingernail itself

Nail fold

The skin surrounding the nail plate

Nail groove

The area between the sides of the nail plate and the finger skin

Nail bed

The area the nail plate lies on

Nail matrix

Lies beneath the nail fold

Lunule

The white area at the base of the nail, thickest part of nail

Hyponychium

The portion of skin under the nail edge