Studied by 14 peopleIn phylogenetic analysis we must be careful to look for the presence or absence of traits that are homologous to each other in different groups. What are homologous traits?
A. traits derived from the same ancestral trait
B. traits that are for the same function
C. traits that have a similar shape
D. traits that are easy to measure
E. two of the above describe homologous traits
A
According to this phylogeny, species H shares more derived traits with which of these groups?
A. F & G
B. I & J
C. K & L
D. I & J & K & L
E. equally with F-L
D
Which of the following sets of species consists of a monophyletic group? (also known as a clade)
A. A-E (A through E)
B. B-L
C. C-G
D. H and I
E. H-J
B
A biologist is studying phylogenetic relationships among these species, C-L (C through L). In order to best determine which traits are ancestral vs. derived she should use which of these as the outgroup?
A. B
B. C
C. L
D. any species within her study group C-L
A
In a phylogenetic tree of species the term “sister taxa” refers to any two species
A. with the most shared, derived traits
B. that evolved from the most ancient common ancestor
C. that belong to the same large monophyletic group
D. that have the same function in the ecosystem
E. that currently live in the same geographic region
A
Biologists now routinely test for homology between genes in different species. If genes are determined to be homologous, how are they related to each other?
A. by chance mutations
B. in function but not structure
C. because of convergent evolution
D. by descent from a common ancestor
D
According to this phylogeny, what number represents the relative time when peptidoglycan cell walls evolved?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
B
According to this phylogeny, what number represents the relative time when eukaryotic cell structure evolved?
A. 2
B. 3
C.4
D. 5
E. 6
D
Which one of these groups of the domain Archaea lives in a variety of environments on earth, not just extreme conditions where only highly adapted cells can live?
A. halophilic, salt-loving
B. thermophilic, heat-loving
C. methane-generating
C
Which of these traits are shared by cells of all organisms?
A. use ATP as energy currency
B. genome of DNA
C. cell walls present
D. two of these are true for all
E. all three of these are true for all
D
The origin and ecological success of which group led to the earth’s change called the “oxygen revolution”?
A. Plants
B. Archaea
C. Animals
D. Cyanobacteria
D
Which traits are true for chemoheterotrophs?
A. energy from light, carbon from CO2
B. energy from inorganic chemicals, carbon from CO2
C. energy from light, carbon source is organic compounds
D. energy from organic compounds; carbon source is organic compounds
D
Which of the following describes the nutritional mode of plants?
A. photoautotroph
B. chemoautotroph
C. photoheterotroph
D. chemoheterotroph
A
Which of the following describes the nutritional mode of animals?
A. photoautotroph
B. chemoautotroph
C. photoheterotroph
D. chemoheterotroph
D
Which of these is a chemical process accomplished only by certain Bacteria and no other organisms?
A. cellular respiration
B. photosynthesis
C. nitrogen fixation
D. methane production
C
A history of endosymbiosis explains the evolutionary origin of
A. Bacteria
B. Chloroplasts
C. Mitochondria
D. two of the above
E. all three of the above
D
Which of the trees shown here depicts an evolutionary history different from the other two? Why?
A. (a) because it lists the letters in order from top to bottom, unlike the other two trees
B. (b) because the letters are not in sequence, unlike the other two trees
C. (c) because sister taxa are C and D unlike the other two trees
C
Which of the following is NOT specific information supporting the endosymbiosis hypothesis for the origin of mitochondria from a prokaryotic ancestor?
A. Mitochondria can replicate by binary fission
B. Mitochondria have one loop chromosome
C. Mitochondria are about the same size as bacteria
D. Mitochondria have prokaryotic-type ribosomes
E. Mitochondria have a double membrane
C
The similarity of manatee and dolphin body form is because they are what kind of traits?
A. Analogous
B. Homologous
C. Ancestral
D. Derived
A
According to this phylogeny, which of these sets is a monophyletic group?
A. cat, dog, walrus
B. pig, cow, sheet
C. horse, cat, dog
D. horse, cow, sheep
A
The Australian marsupial mole and the North American mole have similar body form, forelegs with claws specialized for digging and a snout for poking in the ground.
Which of these is the most likely explanation of their similar body structures?
A. They share a widespread, recent common ancestor with all of these traits
B. They live in similar habitats and have similar behavior. Individuals acquired these structures as they dug for food and shelter
C. They live in similar habitats and have similar behavior. Individuals with these traits had greater reproductive fitness so passed on their genes.
C
Which of these describes all members of the “kingdom” Protista?
A. multicellular prokaryotes
B. multicellular eukaryotes
C. unicellular prokaryotes (can exist as clusters of unspecialized cells)
D. unicellular eukaryotes (can exist as clusters of unspecialized cells)
D
Which of these features of all members of the Animal Kingdom distinguish them from other kingdoms or domains?
A. Cell-cell communication systems are present
B. Different cells in the body are specialized for specific functions
C. Cells are attached to each other to make a multicellular organism
D. Embryos have layers of cells that will develop into specific tissues and organs
E. more than one of these is true
D
What is a feature of Plants that is NOT found in either Animals or Fungi?
A. they are autotrophs
B. their cells have cell walls
C. their cells have mitochondria
D. they have multicellular reproductive organs
E. more than one of these is true and a distinction
A
In a group of related fungi, some species reproduce only asexually. Which of the following ways to determine whether or not two groups are distinct species would NOT be useful?
A. cell shape and structure
B. DNA sequences
C. biological species definition
D. chromosome movement patterns during mitosis
E. which specific antibiotics they produce
C
Which of the following is a distinguishing trait of all true animals?
A. circulatory system
B. a head or cranium
C. segments and appendages
D. embryonic cell layers
D
Which of the following is the set of taxa (vertebrate classes) that have amniotic eggs?
A. Amphibia, Bony Fish, and Reptiles
B. Birds, Mammals, and Reptiles
C. Birds and Reptiles
D. Amphibia, Birds, Mammals and Reptiles
E. All classes of vertebrates including fish
B
Researchers suggest that the evolutionary increase in the number of hox genes
A. led to reproductive isolation in all cases
B. could explain the evolution of color vision
C. allowed for the evolution of more complex body patterns
D. resulted in a decrease in the number of body segments in insects
E. resulted in all of the above
C
The crustacean Daphnia (”water flea”) reproduces clonally for some of the year (many small eggs, by mitosis) and then (when?) produces eggs by meiosis, mates and produces a few larger offspring. Is the sexual reproduction stage at the very beginning of summer or at the end of summer?
A. at the beginning of summer because growth conditions are optimal
B. at the beginning of summer because more offspring can be produced
C. at the end of summer because conditions are changing
D. at the end of summer because it’s easier for them to find mates in cooler weather
C
The earliest animals evolved from which type of non-animal ancestors?
A. Bacteria
B. Archaea
C. Protists
D. Fungi
C
A waxy cuticle is an adaptation that
A. helps prevent water loss in algae
B. aids in transport of water in plants
C. aids intake of carbon dioxide in algae
D. aids intake of carbon dioxide in plants
E. reduces evaporation from surface of plants
E
Which of the following caused the “oxygen revolution”?
A. release of gases from the cooling earth
B. evolutionary origin of aerobic respiration
C. success of photosynthetic bacteria
D. success of photosynthetic plants
C
Genes for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) are found in the genomes of all organisms. A comparison of rRNA sequences in flowering plant chloroplast genomes would show them closest to which of these?
A. rRNA sequences in plant nuclear genomes
B. rRNA sequences in archaeal genomes
C. rRNA sequences in bacterial genomes
D. rRNA sequences in animal nuclear genomes
E. rRNA sequences in fungi nuclear genomes
C
Of the following groups, the closest relatives of fungi are thought to be the
A. animals
B. vascular plants
C. mosses
D. slime molds
A
Specific environmental changes that are associated with the burst of animal diversity known as the Cambrian explosion are:
A. higher oxygen levels
B. cooler global temperatures
C. higher dissolved minerals in sea water
D. two of these
E. all three of these
D
Which of the following was probably the LEAST important factor in bringing about the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity? \n [similar topic in previous question; both from old exams]
A. the emergence of predator-prey relationships
B. an increase in the concentration of atmospheric oxygen
C. availability of calcium and phosphates in sea water
D. movement of animals onto land
E. the origin of hox genes
D
In a phylogenetic study of just birds and reptiles, the condition of all of them having four limbs (tetrapod) is
A. a shared ancestral character
B. a shared derived character;
C. a character useful for distinguishing birds from mammals
D. an example of analogy rather than homology.
A
Which one of the following is among the evolutionary advantages (benefits) of multicellular, instead of unicellular, structure?
A cell-cell communication systems are required
B. less energy is required overall for maintenance of the whole organism
C. if a few cells are injured the entire organism is likely to die
D. multicellular organisms, and not unicellular ones, can have sexual reproduction
E. cells can specialize and have division of labor.
E
Which of these is the most accurate description of phototropism?
A. Plant shoot bends towards the light
B. Plant shoot grows towards the light.
C. Plant shoot bends away from gravity.
D. Plant shoot grows away from gravity.
B
How is the hormone auxin involved in phototropism?
A. Auxin can trigger cells to change shape and bend.
B. Auxin can trigger cells to elongate.
C. Cells without auxin receptors change shape and bend when auxin is present
D. Cells without auxin receptors elongate when auxin is present
E. Two of these statements are true
B
Which is a statement of null hypothesis concerning auxin signaling and phototropism?
A. Auxin is the cause of phototropism
B. If there is no auxin, there is no phototropism.
C. If there is no auxin receptor, there will be no phototropism
D. There is no relationship between auxin and phototropism
E. More than one of these is a null hypothesis statement.
D
In a certain experiment, the hypothesis statement is: “As a result of auxin binding to its membrane receptor, the cell elongates.”
Which of these is the dependent variable?
A. The presence of auxin
B. The presence of auxin receptor
C. The presence of the cell membrane
D. The elongation of the cell
D
Which of the following best describes plant meristems?
A. continuous growth by cell elongation
B. growth mainly in embryo plant;
C. continuous mitosis of specialized cells
D. continuous mitosis of undifferentiated cells
D
Which of the following bests describes plasmodesmata?
A. holes in the cell walls of adjacent plant cell
B. aligned ion channels in the membranes of adjacent cells
C. tubes of cytoplasm connecting one cell to adjacent cell
D. bundles of cellulose connecting adjacent cells
C
In order to be a target cell for a particular animal hormone signal, the cell must:
A. Be able to produce that hormone
B. Be very close to the cells that produce that hormone
C. Have a specific receptor for that hormone
D. Two of these are true
C
Which of these explains how a response to auxin leads to cell elongation?
A. stretches the cellulose fibers in the cell wall so cell expands uniformly
B. loosens connections between cellulose fibers so water can enter the cell
C. lower pH creates gaps between cells to elongate the tip
D. auxin enters cell and promotes water uptake
B
Which of the following is good match between a challenge of living on land (first) and a solution for it (second) that evolved in the plant kingdom?
A. evaporation of water – abundant leaf pores
B. lack of water’s buoyancy & support – roots
C. competition to absorb light – taller stems
D. transport water from roots to leaves - waxy cuticle
C
Into which of these cells would water tend to move?
A. Into a cell with more solutes
B. Into a cell with higher fluid pressure
C. Into neither of these
D. Into both (either) of these
A
Water will tend to move into a plant cell that has what combination of conditions?
A. lower solute concentration and higher fluid pressure;
B. lower solute concentration and lower fluid pressure;
C. higher solute concentration and higher fluid pressure;
D. higher solute concentration and lower fluid pressure
D
The action of proton pumps in root hairs (and most everywhere in plants) is to
A. Transport H+ ions out of the cell by passive facilitated diffusion
B. Transport H+ ions into the cell by passive facilitated diffusion
C. Transport H+ ions out of the cell by using ATP
D. Transport H+ ions into the cell by using ATP
C
After proton pump action has created an electrical gradient, then in response to that electrical gradient alone (no more ATP spent) what can happen?
A. Cations like K+ can enter the cell passively
B. Anions like NO3- can enter the cell passively
C. Water can enter the cell passively.
D. Two of these (A, B, C) are true
E. All of these (A, B, and C)
A
Which of these acting by itself causes net movement of water crossing a membrane?
A. Electrical gradient
B. Solute gradient
C. Proton gradient
D. Two of these (A, B, C)
E. All of these (A, B, and C)
B
Water can rise higher in tubes, against gravity, only if:
A. the tubes are very narrow
B. the tubes have no water in them initially
C. the tubes are made only of glass
D. two of these are true
A
Of the forces contributing to upward movement of water in xylem, which is most important (contributes most force)?
A. adhesion
B. cohesion
C. root pressure
D. transpiration
D
What is the difference between adhesion and cohesion?
A. adhesion is the clinging between water molecules and another surface
B. adhesion is the attraction and clinging of water molecules to each other
C. there is no difference between adhesion and cohesion
A
Under what conditions would water from the soil enter the root?
A. when fluid pressure is higher inside the root than in the soil
B. when solute concentration is higher inside the root than in the soil
C. under both either (both) of those conditions
D. under neither of those conditions
B
Under what conditions would water loss by transpiration be greatest?
A. when the outside air is very humid
B. when water vapor in the outside air is the same as in leaf tissue
C. when the outside air is very dry
C
In what structural way do fully mature xylem cells differ from phloem cells?
A. they have more membrane transport proteins
B. they are elongate
C. they are dead
C
Note 
Flashcard (86)