A&P test #4

What are the components of the blood

Plasma,red blood cells,white blood cells, platelets

What is the function of the blood

Transporting oxygen and nutrients, removing waste and products, regulating body temperature

Describe the appearance in healthy concentration of red blood cells in blood

Vibrant, red color with a biconcave shape

What is the structure and role of hemoglobin

Play a role in transport of oxygen and red blood cells and carbon dioxide transport, they are described as a pigmented globe like protein

How are red blood cells produced in? How are they destroyed?

They are produced by the liver and the spleen. They are destroyed by Fagocytic cells called macrophages

What is the cause of jaundice?

An elevated level of blood leads to jaundice

Why do newborns experience jaundice?

Because their livers are not mature enough to process the Biliruben resulting from the regular destruction of red blood cells

What are the types of white blood cells And list their functions

Neutrophils - phagocytize bacteria and cellular debris

Eosinophils - counteract histamine released in allergic reactions destroy parasitic worm & phagocytize antigen - antibody complexes

Basophils - intensify inflammatory response in allergic relations by releasing histamine and heparin

Lymphocytes- provide immunity by producing antibodies and destroying pathogens and unhealthy cells

Monocytes-phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris

What are platelets, and what are their functions?

Tiny cytoplasmic fragments and their function is to form platelet plugs and start cloning of the blood, they also stop bleeding

How does cholesterol affect the heart disease?

Because high Concentration of blood, low density, Lipo protein, the so-called bad cholesterol is linked with heart disease

What is the most important plasma protein?

Albumins are the most important plasma protein as they form 60% of the plasma proteins

What is coagulation?

Blood clotting, which is the most effective process of homeostasis

What are the steps of coagulation?

1. Damaged tissues release thromboplatin & aggregated platelets release platelet factors which react with clotting factors to produce prothrombin activator

2. Calcium ions & prothrombin activators convert prothrombin into active enzyme thrombin

3. Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin. Fibrin strands entrap blood cells and platelets to form a bloodclot

4. Thrombin works with clotting factors to form more prothrombin that produces positive feedback

Summarize the ABO blood type in your own words

Type a blood, which has a antigens and anti-B antibodies

Type B blood, which has B antigens and anti-a antibodies

Type AB blood, which has a and B antigens and neither anti-a or anti-B antibodies

Type O blood, which has neither a or B antigens and both anti-a and anti-b antibodies

What is hemolytic disease of newborn?

It is the destruction of fetal red blood cells by maternal antibodies

What are the gametes

Sex cells formed by gonads, ovaries, and testes

Define spermatogenesis

The process that produces sperm by the division of the spermatogenous cells in the spermatogenetic epithelium

How is sperm formed?

By the process of spermatogenesis

What is the path of sperm from the testes to the outside of the body?

Goes through the epididymis, ducts deferens, ejaculation duct, the urethra, then lastly, the external environment

What are the components of semen?

Sperm, speminal plasma

What is the function of the scrotum?

Contains and protects testes, regulates temperature of testes

what is the cryptochidism

Where the testes failed to descend into The scrotum

What are some benefits of male circumcision?

Reduces risk of cervical cancer and female sexual partners, and is believed to improve male hygiene and decrease penile infections

What are the functions of testosterone?

Stimulates the maturation of the male reproductive organs, the continuation of spermatogenesis, and the development of male secondary characteristics

How is testosterone regulated

Secretion of the GNRH starts the feedback mechanism that regulates it

What are some causes of male infertility

Hormonal and balances, genetic issues, infections, environmental exposures

What is ogenesis

The process of producing OVA (similar to spermatogenesis)

What is oxygen

An immature ovum

How is FSH involved in ovarian in menstrual cycle?

Stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles, and releases estrogen and inhibin from granulosa cells

How is LH involved in ovarian in menstrual cycle?

Plays a role in ovulation and the release of an egg from the Ovary

How is estrogen involved in in the Ovarian and menstrual cycle

In the ovaries, the secretion of estrogens happen

How is progesterone involved in the ovarian and menstrual cycle

In the ovaries, the secretion of progesterone happens

How long is menstruation?

Last from 3 to 5 days

Describe the follicular phase in your own words

The beginning phase in the menstrual cycle that ends with ovulation

Describe the proliferative phase in your own words

Buildup of endometrium by estrogens, and the concentration in blood goes up as the dominant follicle in the ovaries develop

What is menopause and what happens to the level of estrogen after menopause?

The cessation A regular menstrual cycles, the secretion of estrogen’s by the ovaries is greatly Curtailed

What hormone is required for milk production

Prolactin

Polycythemia

High number of red blood cells in the blood

What are signs and symptoms of polycythemia

Dizziness or vertigo, headaches, excessive sweating, itchy skin, fatigue, blurred vision

What are treatments of polycythemia

No cure, phlebotomy, drugs to reduce blood, cells

Hemophilia A,B,C

Inherited bleeding disorders and deficiency in clotting factors

What are signs and symptoms of hemophilia

Prolonged bleeding, hemarthrosis, bruising, spontaneous bleeding

What are treatments of hemophilia

Replacement of missing clotting factors, gene therapy, antifibrinolytics

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Malignant proliferation of immature lymphoid cells in bone marrow

What are signs and symptoms of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Fatigue, infections, bleeding, bone pain, hepatoplenomagly

What are treatments of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Chemotherapy, radiation, stem cell transplant, targeted therapy

Infection mononucleosis

Viral infection that spreads through mouth contact like kissing or sharing things

What are signs and symptoms of infectious mononucleosis

Extreme fatigue, fever, sore throat, headaches and body aches

What are treatments of infectious mononucleosis

Corticosteroids or other antibiotics

Sickle cell anemia

Red red blood cells are shaped like crescent, moon, sticky, and stiff cells that can get stuck in blood vessels

What are signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

Anemia, extreme pain, frequent infection, delayed growth, vision problems

What are treatments of sickle cell anemia?

Hydroxyurea, L- glutamine oral powder, crizanlizamab, voxelotor

Thalassemia ( Major)

Inherited defect in alpha or beta globin chain production, causing ineffective erthrypoisis and hemolysis

What are signs and Symptoms of thalassemia

Severe anemia, growth, retardation, skeletal, deformation,

What are treatments Of thalassemia

Regular blood transfusions, iron chelation, Bone marrow transplant

Iron deficiency anemia

Body lacks sufficient iron, causing lower count of red blood cell

What are signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

Fatigue, shortness of breath, pale skin, migraines, fast heartbeat

What are treatments of iron deficiency anemia

Oral iron supplements, ferrous, salts, ferrous, sulfate, vitamin C, pills, folic acid