strength and conditioning exam 1 chapters 1-3

What connective tissue surrounds individual muscle fiber bundles?

Perimysium.

In the sliding-filament theory, which protein does calcium bind to?

Troponin.

What type of muscle fibers have high fatigue resistance and high aerobic enzyme content?

Type I (slow-twitch) fibers.

Where is the heart's electrical impulse normally initiated?

The SA node (sinoatrial node).

Do most human limbs operate as third-class levers result in mechanical advantage or disadvantage?

Mechanical disadvantage.

In which anatomical plane does a standing lateral dumbbell raise primarily occur?

The frontal plane.

Is the force a muscle can exert more closely related to its cross-sectional area or total volume?

Cross-sectional area.

If a tendon is inserted farther from the joint center, how does this affect torque and movement speed?

Greater torque but slower movement speed.

Which enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from creatine phosphate and ADP?

Creatine kinase.

At high intensities, what is pyruvate primarily converted into?

Lactate.

Which energy system has the highest rate of ATP production but the lowest total capacity?

The phosphagen system.

What primarily causes metabolic acidosis during exercise?

The hydrolysis of ATP.

What is the recommended work-to-rest period ratio for interval training to stress the oxidative system?

1:1 to 1:3.

What describes the portion of the total energy cost of exercise supplied through anaerobic mechanisms due to the slow response of the aerobic system?

Oxygen deficit

What is a recommended length of the rest period after a maximum sprint interval of 10 seconds?

2 minutes

What is believed to be the reason for peripheral fatigue during higher-intensity exercises?

Metabolic acidosis

Which amino acid is classified as a branched-chain amino acid?

Isoleucine

Which energy systems will a weightlifter and a marathon runner primarily use, respectively?

Phosphagen and oxidative

What type of training should an aerobic endurance athlete engage in to improve his lactate threshold?

High intensity; shifts to the right

Where does the Krebs cycle occur in the cell?

Mitochondria

What does the law of mass action state?

The concentrations of reactants or products will drive the direction of the reactions.

What changes occur in energy supply when an athlete transitions from high-intensity aerobic exercise to longer-duration, submaximal exercise?

Transition from almost exclusively carbohydrate to mostly fat

The excess postexercise oxygen consumption experienced by athletes is caused by all of the following EXCEPT

decreases in body temperature

3 multiple choice options

Which athletes have some of the highest bone mineral densities?

Gymnasts

What are the two main divisions of the skeletal system?

Appendicular and axial

What is the smallest contractile unit of skeletal muscle?

Sarcomere

What nervous system stimulation causes the chronotropic effect?

Sympathetic

What happens to the heart rate due to the chronotropic effect?

It increases.

What is the order of the phases of a muscle contraction?

Resting, excitation-contraction coupling, contraction, recharge, relaxation

What type of joint comprises the ankle and wrist joints?

Biaxial

What is the flow of blood through the heart?

Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, body

Where is the pelvis located in relation to the patella?

Superior

How many times per minute does the SA node discharge at rest on average?

60-80

How would you describe Type I muscle fibers?

Fatigue resistant with high aerobic energy supply.

As an athlete's body size increases, which of the following describes how body mass and muscular strength change?

Body mass increases more rapidly than muscular strength.

What is a disadvantage of using weight-stack machines?

Simulates real-life activities

How much work did an athlete perform if they produced 840 watts of power in 0.6 seconds?

504 J

What is the resistive force encountered when moving an object pressed against another object?

Friction

What are the two factors affecting maximal force output of a muscle?

Recruitment; rate coding

At what two locations do 85-90% of intervertebral disk herniations occur?

L4-L5 and L5-S1

Which anatomical plane divides the body into left and right sections?

Sagittal

Which muscle has a fusiform pennation?

Biceps brachii

How does the position of tendons affect weight lifting capability?

Farther from the joint center can lift heavier weight

What force is exerted by an athlete moving a mass of 75 kg with an acceleration of 2 m/s²?

150 N