20th century Britain

characteristics of 20th century (6)

unequal distribution of wealth

development of scientific + technological innovation

huge growth in urbanisation

advances in communications technology

more leisure time/less time working

rapid pace of life + stress due to war + terrorisms affected general health + wellbeing

describe the influence of class on sport in the 20th century

class system expanded + became less clear-cut

pub was centre of wc sport

wc typically played cricket, football, rugby league, darts, snooker

in boxing + horse racing uc/mc put up money + wc competed

wc + mc competed side by side in team sports such as cricket

mc typically played rugby union, cricket, tennis, golf

uc typically took part in equestrianism + fox hunting

spectators were largley wc but poorest could not afford it

describe the influence of gender on sport in post-industrial Britain

spectatorism was very male-dominated

women’s participation in sport drastically decreased by 1900

women were considered to not be interested in sport

women still seen as weaker sex

tennis became professional for mc women

first Olympics with professional women - 1922

first Oxbridge ladies boat race - 1927

first women’s cricket test match - 1934

describe the influence of law + order on sport in post-industrial Britain

enclosed boundaries

formal timetabled games

written rules + codes of conduct

most cruel sports disappeared

spectators had to pay

gloves worn in boxing

numbers on shirts

sports event on Saturdays

teams + spectators travelled to games

growing crowds with purpose-built facilities

sports press developed

describe the influence of time + money on sport in the 20th century

time + money restricted for wc

closing industry led to unemployment

strikes + hooliganism

financial depression meant little time/money/energy for sport

from late 20th century leisure time + disposable income increasingly available for wc

working hours reduced

rise in sport participation

describe the influence of transport on sport in the 20th century

start of century only uc/mc had cars but most households had one by end of century

bikes were popular among wc by end of century

train became electric rather than steam

commercial flights began (uc/mc at start, slightly more affordable by end but still expensive)

wc also used buses/trams

regular international travel for fixtures

increased international competitions

increased spectatorism

increased participation rates

1896 Olympics had 14 nations, 1984 had 140

describe the influence of education on sport in the 20th century

Butler education act passed in 1944 focused on education for whole person

school leaving age increased to 15

11+ exam introduced

children who passed 11+ went to grammar school

those who failed went to contemporary moderns

add 12/13 could apply to move to secondary technical

describe grammar schools

academic education from 11 to 19

had to pass 11+

normally went to uni afterwards

mostly mc (could afford tutors)

better facilities + coaching (not as good as public)

PE on curriculum

regular fixtures against other grammar schools (higher level of comp)

extracurricular sport/coaching

describe secondary modern schools

if failed 11+

4 year course

option to sit 5th year for GCE qualification

became popular so CSE created

PE on curriculum

had pitches, gymnasiums, some had pools

fixtures against other secondary moderns

some extracurricular sport

describe secondary technical schools

at 12/13 could apply to move from secondary to modern to secondary technical

less popular option

focused on employment skills

fewer opportunities for sport

no PE on curriculum