Reading

Babbling

the first stage of language acquisition and last from 6-12 months

Did you know?

95% of all babbling by babies throughout the world is composed of only 12 consonants: p, b,t,d,k, g, m ,n, s ,h,w ,j

During free- choice center time, a kindergarten teacher notices that one of her students has gone to the writing center, take a piece of lined paper, and written several misspelled phrases. What should the teacher do>

Phonological awareness

is the general ability to understand that within the structure of oral language, there are subparts.

Alphabetic principle

presumes an understanding that words are made up of written letters that represent spoken sounds.

Phonemes

are distinct units of sound and are the basic units of language.

Which of the following will help gauge a student’s print awareness?

Phonemic awarness

refers to the knowledge of and ability to use these phonemes

Phoneme Blending

involves students putting given sounds together to make words

Phoneme Segmentation

generally, the inverse of phoneme blending and involves students sounding out a word. It’s important for both reading and spelling a word.

Phoneme Deletion

in which a phoneme is removed to make a new word (ex: ramp-/p/=ram)

Phoneme Substitution

where one phoneme is changed to make a new word (ex: fla/t/ to fla/p/

Which activity would be the most appropriate for students to practice onsets and the alphabetic principle?

A: sorting small animals into tubs based on the initial letter sound of the animal’s name

B: asking students to help clap out the syllables in a student’s name

C: asking students to point to a sentence on a page

D Having students remove a sound from a word and say the new word

Phonics

is an age-old strategy for helping students read by connecting written language to spoken language or by correlating certain sounds with certain letters or groups of letters.

The word elephant is

A: decodable

B: a high-frequency word

C: not composed of phonemes

D inappropriate for phonics instruction

A second-grade teacher notices that students often read in monotone during oral reading practice. Which strategy would best help his students develop prosody?

A: setting aside timed oral reading each day

B: modeling an appropriate reading rate

C: using ability grouping for silent reading

D having students act out a play from a script

Meter

or the rhythm, or beat, of the poem can also be used to engage young students with different texts as a beat can be clapped to, stomped to, or even danced to

Which sentence is written in third person point of view?

A: Harriet likes to go fishing on the weekends, though she has never caught anything.

B: I generally enjoy reading a variety of literature types, but I like historical fiction the best.

C: We need to determine the type of problem before we can think about solving it.

D You really must stop calling me at all hours of the night; you are not being considerate.

Point of View

perspective from which the story is told (first person, I, we; third person, he, she, it, or they.

Which of the following is an example of an activity that might be used with students to introduce informational texts?

A: having students location fiction books at the school library

B: having students examine the way their social studies textbook is organized

C: having students answer questions from different points of view

D asking students questions about different characters in a story

Which word has a CVC pattern?

A: gap

B: onto

C: drink

D and

Expository writing

used to inform readers or give a description and may be anything from a recipe in a cookbook to a paragraph in a science or social studies textbook

Mechanics

are the structural elements of writing and include punctuation, capitalization, spelling, grammar, and general conventions of usage.

Which of the following would most likely employ a high formal writing style?

A: a cookbook

B: a romance novel

C: a legal document-because they must be very specific and not leave room for interpretation, a highly formal and precise style would be used.

D a short story

Pronouns

are words that indicate a person, place, thing, or idea. They may be either common (student, teacher, room, school) or proper (Blanca, Ms. Robinson, Idaho name of elementary school) and must be capitalized

Verbs

describe an action or state of being occurrence. they can be action verbs, which, like their name implies, describe actions, such as walk, eat and speak, or linking verbs, which describe states of being or link a subject to additional information (is, become, seem)

Adjectives

modify and describe nouns, and their use is essential to descriptive writing.

Adverbs

modify adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs, and frequently end in -ly

Preposition

is a word that expresses a relationship between words, and it usually comes, before a noun or pronoun.

Ms. Jones wants to introduce her first-grade students to new types of text structures they have not seen before. Which activity would best meet her goal?

A: ask students to go to the library and explain the different sections

B: bring in magazines, pamphlets, newspapers, and other items for students to explore

C: have students compare and contrast two different storybook characters they have read about

D divide students into groups and have them create a plot diagram about their favorite movie

Which of the following is the best way to differentiate instruction in a first grade reading classroom?

A: practice oral reading only with the more advanced students so those struggling will not feel uncomfortable

B: use only texts on the lower end of the first- grade Lexile ranges to ensure they are accessible to all students

C: set aside time for students to engage in silent reading with a teacher-selected book based on student ability and interests

D conduct additional phonics drills with the students who need help with decoding while the other students do a science experiment

Which option is NOT a way to publish student writing?

A: hosting a poetry night where students read their work aloud

B: submitting a student-authored essay to a writing contest

C: asking students to type their piece on the computer: this does not necessarily share the piece with other’s it merely formats in a different way

D having students trade a bound book they have created with a friend to read and enjoy

Which of the following is a preposition?

A: our: is a pronoun

B: from

C: has: is a verb

D so: is a coordinating conjunction

What is a conjunction?

join words or sentence parts together. there are both coordinating conjunctions (and,but,or,nor,for,yet,so) which join two independent clauses to form compound sentences, and subordinate conjunctions (before, while, because, as ,etc)

What is a preposition?

is a word that expresses a relationship between words, and it usually comes before a noun and a pronoun. They help form links in speech and writing, and student errors most frequently involve their omission.

Which of the following skills do students need to master before they can determine whether an adjective or adverb is most appropriate to use in a sentence?

A: understanding the difference between a noun and a verb: because adjectives modify nouns and adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, this is a foundational understanding that must precede a discussion of when an adjective or adverb is most appropriate.

B: understanding the difference between a noun and a pronoun

C: understanding the function of prepositions

D being able to form compound sentences

Which of the following is a compound sentence?

A: Jeremy likes to fish by the ocean because he finds it peaceful and relaxing

B: I wish I could buy a new car, but I do not have enough money right now: Two independent clauses are joined with a comma and the coordinating conjunction but.

C: Jenny is a writer, and she writes for thirty minutes every day because she has to keep motivated

D While the train slowly chugged along the tracks, my little dog stared curiously out the window

Which of the following is an example of code switching that a student might employ to switch between registers?

A: speaking creole at home and English at school

B: using less formal language with friends than with teachers: this is switching between two different social situations changing registers

C: speaking Spanish with friends and English in the classroom

D turning off a French accent when in less formal situations

Which of the following uses hyperbole?

A: The grass was a green as a crayon: this is a simile

B: The ocean was as vast as the line at the DMV: this is a simile

C: He was the best dancer in the entire world: this is an exaggeration

D My mother is the best cook I know.: this is a literal statement not an exaggeration

Which skill is being developed during an activity for first graders in which they identify the sounds that consonant diagraphs ch, sh, and th make?

A: print awareness

B: phonics is when children begin to correlate sounds with letters or groups of letters

C: phonological awareness

D word recognition

Which of the following is NOT an example of environmental print?

A: a brand name on a tube of toothpaste

B: the school's name printed on the marquis outside

C: the words Writing Center affixed to the classroom writing center

D a page in a new storybook that is read aloud to students for the first time