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What are joints
when two or more bones articulate
What do joints increase?
mobility
What are the different types of joints?
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
Do fibrous joints have a cavity?
no cavity
What do fibrous tissues connect?
bones (the edges)
What is fibrous joints continuous with?
periosteum
What is not allowed at fibrous joints?
movement
Do cartilaginous joints have a cavity?
no cavity
What are cartilaginous joints connected by?
cartilage
What are cartilaginous joints separated by?
fibrocartilage disk or a thick layer of hyaline cartilage
What is limited at a cartilaginous joint?
movement
Do synovial joints have a cavity?
cavity present
What are articulating surfaces enclosed within a synovial joint?
fluid-filled joint capsule
What are synovial joints?
the most commonly occuring type of joints
What are synovial joints important for?
mobility
What are the different types of synovial joints?
ball and socket, pivot, hinge, condyloid, gliding, saddle
Ball and Socket description
rounded end of one bone fits inside a cup shaped ending on another bone
Example of a ball and socket joint
shoulders and hips
Movement of a ball and socket joint
rotation
Pivot description
has a ringbone that fits over a bone protrusion
Example of a pivot joint
neck
Movement of a pivot joint
rotation
Hinge description
only allows forwards and backwards movement
Example of a hinge joint
elbow and knee
Movement of a hinge joint
extension and flexion
Condyloid description
oval shaped bone end which fits into a corresponding shaped bone end
Example of a condyloid joint
wrist
Movement of a condyloid joint
flexion, extension, circumduction
Gliding description
two flat faces of bone that slide over one another
What do gliding joints allow for?
little movement in all direction
Example of a gliding joint
tarsals in the ankle
Movement of a gliding joint
very little movement
Saddle description
found between convex and concave articulating bones
Examples of saddle joints
thumb, thorax, ear, heal
Movement of saddle joints
extension, flexion, abduction, adduction
What are the features of a synovial joint
articular cartilage, articular capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, menisci, bursae
What does the articular cartilage do?
covers the articulating surfaces of the bones
What does the articular cartilage reduce, absorb and protect?
friction, shock, the bones
What does the articular cartilage vary in?
thickness
What can happen to the articular cartilage?
can wear away
What does the articular capsule surround?
the joints
What does the articular capsule allow for?
joint movement due to its flexibility
What does the synovial membrane do?
secretes synovial fluid
What does the synovial fluid do?
lubricates the joint cavity, reduces friction, provides nutrients to the cartilage (diffusion)
Where is the menisci found?
between bones
What does the menisci act as?
a cushion
What do menisci allow the bones to do?
fit together more tightly
What do menisci provide?
stability to the joint
What are the bursae?
small fluid filled sacs where two structures rub against each other
What do bursae provide?
lubrication and reduces friction
What are bursae lined by?
a synovial membrane
Where are bursae located?
in areas of high stress