Female health

breast cancer

second most common cause of cancer death for females

lung cancer

most common cause of cancer death; 98% preventable

endometriosis

common in half of women receiving infertility treatment and 10% of premenopausal women

ovaries

Produce ova (eggs); estrogen and progesterone

Fallopian tubes

oviducts; connect ovaries to uterus; where sperm meets egg

Uterus

womb; organ where fertilized egg implants; endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium

vagina

external reproductive canal

external genitalia female

vulva; production, sexual function, lubrication

female reproductive system

affected by fluctuations in hormones and age

Average occurrence of menopause (can see changes as early as 30s)

45-50

menopause

cesation of monthly period

When are a womans eggs developed?

in their mothers uterus

Average number of eggs woman is born with

300,000

elder pregnancy

pregnancy over 30

Pay more attention to this population as their eggs could have mutated over time

elder pregnancy

In menopause, there are no more eggs so the body no longer makes this to sustain the eggs

hormones

menopause

symptoms:

• hot flashes

• dryness

• fatigue

• anxiety

• sleep disturbances

• memory loss

• mood swings

• irritability

• literally anything and everything ever

ear itching

this is really associated with perimenopause lol

menopause

body composition changes; less muscle, weight gain

hormone replacement therapy

improves symptoms of menopause and prevents osteoporosis 👆but increase risk for heart attack, stroke, endometrial cancer, breast cancer, blood blots, migraines, hypertension, ect. BUUUUT you’ll be in a good mood and may or may not have strokes??

Collie’s fracture

fractures of the distal radius

Collie’s fracture

occurs more frequently in women of post menopausal age

women with disabilities start menopause

earlier

which is reduced by doing exercise in menopause

adiposity

which is increased by doing exercise in menopause

cardiovascular fitness

which is maintained by doing exercise in menopause

bone density and muscle mass

Exercising too strenuously could damage the reproductive system

true

Which of the following has negative consequences for reproductive system?

All

sexual dysfunction

pelvic floor issues treated by PT; painful intercourse

caused by medication, sexual trauma, obesity, medical issues, behavioral disorders

sexual dysfunction

endometrium

the lining of the uterus

when the endometrium starts growing outside of uterys

endometriosis

endometriosis

symptoms:

• pain

• fertility issues

• internal bleeding

endometrium

is expelled out of the uterus during menstruation; why internal bleeding is symptom of endometriosis

If the endometriosis is cleaned out, it won’t grow back

false

no inherent genetic component but there are environment ones

endometrial carcinoma

endometrial carcinoma

women 60 years or older, white, affluent, obese, and of low parity

low parity

low births

Major symptom of endometrial carcinoma

abnormal bleeding

treatment for endometrial carcinoma

hysterectomy

total hysterectomy

take the uterus and ovaries out

partial hysterectomy

takes the uterus out but not the ovaries

Which is better for hormone fluctuation: Total or partial hysterectomy?

partial

cervical cancer

neoplasm of the cervix

Mortality has decreased for this since the invention of the pap smear

cervical cancer

Causes cervical cancer

HPV

HPV

causes cervical cancer and genital warts; asymptomatic

How many year(s) should a woman get a pap smear after the onset of intercourse?

3

What age should a woman get a pap smear if they have not had intercourse earlier?

21

Slow growing and has good response to treatment such as chemotherapy

cervical cancer

ectopic pregnancy

implantation of a fertilized ovum outside of the uterus

ectopic pregnancy

a lot of the times, do not go to fruition because there is not enough space for the fetus; miscarriage

second most common female urogenital cancer

ovarian cancer

The most lethal of the urogenital cancers

ovarian cancer

ovarian cancer

risk factors:

• family history

• increasing age

• nuliparity

• infertility

• white

• exposure to asbestos, talc

• alcohol, tobacco use

• never breast fed

• infertility

• obesity

nuliparity

never pregnant; birth after 35

A “silent killer;” no s/s until late stage disease; poor prognosis

ovarian cancer

pelvic inflammatory disease

any inflammatory condition affecting the female reproductive organs

Common cause of infertility, chronic pain, and ectopic pregnancy

pelvic inflammatory disease

Most common bacteria that cause this are gonorrhea and chlamydia (asymptomatic STDs)

pelvic inflammatory disease

How is pelvic inflammatory disease treated

antibiotics

umbrella term for dysfunction of pelvic floor muscles that causes pain

pelvic floor dysfunction

can be causes by pregnancy, hypertonicity, endometriosis, injury, sexual trauma (psychogenic), congenital malformation

pelvic floor dysfunction

prolapse

when pelvic floor is weak can’t support organs (uterus, rectum, bladder) and they slip out of openings

most common malignancy of females in the U.S.

breast cancer

peak for diagnosis for breast cancer

40-44

Breast cancer is not exclusive to females

true

breast cancer

risk factors:

• female

• >60

• menarche before 12

• first live birth > 35

• genetics

• male relative with breast cancer

• alcohol

• postmenopausal weight gain

• radiation

• environmental exposures

When should females start performing self breast exams?

puberty

breast cancer

signs include lumps that weren’t previously there and pitting or skin problems

There are several types of breast cancer

true

Can prevent breast cancer

all

take out the tumor but conserving the rest of the breast tissue

breast conserving therapy

chemical medication to kill off cancer

chemotherapy

radiation that targets the cancer

radiation therapy

breast cancer that feed off of estrogen

hormonal

remove entire of breast and lymph nodes in armpit

radical mastectomy

placenta settles over the cervix; vaginal birth is not possible

placenta previa

placenta

where fetus is attached to uterine wall

post date pregnancy

pregnancy beyond normal 40 weeks

preeclampsia

is a medical emergency

s/s is for preeclapsia

morbidly high blood pressure

What is checked in the urine for preeclapsia

protein

premature birth

baby is born prior to being fully developed; low weight (ex: 2 poundsz0

premature birth

can lead to developmental issues as baby grows

breech delivery

when baby does not come out headfirst; causes issues

treatment could be PT turning the small baby around before 8 months

breech delivery

indication for c-section

all

happens when the hole is not wide enough for that big ahh baby cranium

episiotomy

Which is easier to heal: episiotomy from scapale or natural tearing?

scapale

forceps assisted delivery

doctor pulls baby out with tongs if they don’t want to leave

multiple births

can be natural but usually calls for a c-section

placenta

is also delivered after the baby is born

pelvic trauma

can happen while giving birth

postpartum blues

hormones are crazy, mother is stressed; mild, not intension like postpartum depression

postpartum physcosis

rare: psychiatric emergency

diastasis recti

linee alba breaks and rectus abdominus stretches out

diastasis recti

causes stomach contents to herniate out

retraining this helps keep stomach herniation from happening because of diastasis recti

transverse abdominus

Which trains the transverse abdominus and helps with diastasis recti?

drawing in maneuver