Health Science Theory Exam

What is penicillin, when was it discovered, and what is it used for?

Penicillin was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming; it was the first antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections

What significant thing happened during the Renaissance period

use of the scientific method and invention of the microscope

Jospeh Lister

considered Father of antiseptic medicine, soap to disinfect instruments

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

invented the microscope

Clara Barton

founder of the American Red Cross

Edward Jenner

pioneered concept for vaccines, creating the smallpox vaccine

Hippocrates

known as “Father of Medicine”, 1 st to believe disease was caused naturally rather

than by superstitions, Hippocratic Oath

Louis Pasteur

vaccine for rabies and anthrax, pasteurization of milk and wine

Robert Hooke

1st to visualize a micro-organism

Copay

a set amount of money that is collected at the time of your doctor’s visit

Deductible

an amount of money you must pay BEFORE your insurance begins paying for your services

HMO

Health Maintenance Organizations, medical insurance where you must choose a primary

Premium

the amount of money that must be paid to purchase/obtain health insurance

Social Security

a government system that provides monetary assistance to people with inadequate or no income. They also provide Medicare and Medicaid medical insurance

TRICARE

insurance plan for those people who are associated with the military

Worker’s Comp

government insurance that provides medical benefits and wage replacement for those injured at work.

CDC: Centers for Disease Control;

governmental center that investigates and controls contagious diseases in our country

FDA: Food & Drug Administration

determines safety for medications, food, and other products used on and in our bodies. EX. cosmetics and lotions

NIH

largest governmental agency for biomedical research in the

world

OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health

ensure safe and healthy working conditions for workers by setting and enforcing standards and providing training and education

Biotechnology

science-oriented career pathway; biological scientist, bioengineer, forensic scientist, microbiologist, physiologist

Diagnostic

career to diagnose causes of diseases and disorders; audiology, cardiology, emergency department, radiology, pulmonology

Health Informatics

career bridging medicine and technology; all clerical staff, human resources, medical librarian, finance

Support Services

career that provides clean, safe environment for all who enter healthcare facilities; central supply, engineering, food service, ground maintenance

Community College

usually offers 2-year degree (associate degree) some may offer certificate programs as a well

University

can obtain a 4-year degree (Bachelor’s), and may also obtain more advanced degree

Technical/Vocational School

Technical/Vocational School: provide training for specific careers outside high school, some provide license or certificate

Lisence

is awarded by a state agency when a person meets the qualifications for a particular occupation. Each person must pass a licensing exam with a certain percentage before obtaining a license to work.

Certificate

given for completing a specific course of study and passing an exam

List the parts that make up the skeleton

bones, cartilage and joints

What are the functions of the Integumentary System:

regulation of body temperature, production of Vitamin D from sunlight, excretion of minor amounts of waste materials in sweat, and transmission of sensory information to the brain

Sudoriferous Gland

also called sweat glands; plays a vital role in regulating body temperature

Sebaceous Gland

depositing oily secretion on the hair that covers the skin

Skeletal

attached to bones and facilitates movement by contracting and relaxing, only voluntary muscle

Smooth

lining the walls of internal organs, involuntary

Cardiac

only found in the heart, involuntary

Cell

vary according to function, can reproduce, use oxygen, produce energy, and maintain their shape

Tissue

group of cells working together to accomplish a task

Organ

2 or more groups of tissue working together

Body System

organs that work together to accomplish a complex task

List the organs of the Digestive System (both in the Alimentary Canal and accessory)

Stomach, small and large intestine, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Connective

most common of all types, holds body parts together, found in bones, muscles, organs, nerves and skin

Epithelial

covers external and internal body structures

Muscle

allows the body to move (skeletal, cardiac and smooth)

Anatomy

study of the structure of the body

Physiology

study of function of the body

Antibodies

proteins that circulate in plasma as a response to presence of foreign antigens

Antigens

foreign substances present in the immune system

Cutaneous

pertaining to the skin

Dermis

layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous; contains follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, blood vessels, nerves

Epidermis

superficial layer of the skin that is visible and lose dead skin cells from

Homeostasis

balance of the body functions maintained in our body

Obesity

being severely overweight

Subcutaneous

pertaining to below or beneath the skin

Dorsal

Back of the body; contains brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (spinal cavity)

Ventral

Front of the body contains the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, etc.), abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.

LUQ

stomach, pancreas, and spleen

LLQ

descending & sigmoid colon

RUQ

liver and gallbladder

RLQ

appendix

Abduction

to move a limb away from the body

Adduction

to move a limb toward the body

Dorsal

toward the back side of the body

Extension

increasing the angle of a joint

Flexion

decreases the angle between joints

Inferior

closer to the feet

Lateral

further away from midline

Medial

towards the midline of the body

Prone

laying stomach side down

Superior

closer to the head

Supine

laying on his/her back facing upward

Distal

further from the point of attachment

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment

What is more cost effective than treating an illness?

Preventing an illness

Atherosclerosis

a build-up of plaque inside the arteries (hardened arteries)

Autism

mental health disorder that presents in early childhood; difficulty in

communicating, and forming relationships

Cardiac arrest

sudden unexpected loss of heart function

Cerebral Palsy

a congenital disease characterized by permanent partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination

Chicken Pox

highly contagious viral illness, now with vaccine

Colorectal Cancer

cancer of the colon and rectum, can be detected early with regular

screening

Down Syndrome

a common genetic disorder that occurs when there are 3 #21 chromosomes instead of 2

Heart

Heart disease: refers to many different heart disorders, most commonly coronary artery disease

Hemorrhagic stroke

stroke in which there is a burst blood vessel in the brain

Hereditary

disease that is determined by genetic factors

Infectious

disease caused by pathogenic organisms

Influenza

the “flu”, common yearly virus in winter months typically

Ischemic stroke

stroke where the is a blockage of a vessel leading to the brain

Measle

highly contagious virus, mostly eradicated through vaccine

Pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas, can affect production of hormones by the pancreas: insulin and glucagon

PTSD

anxiety disorder that happens after exposure to a terrifying event in which severe physical harm occurred or was threatened

Rickets

nutritional disease, Vitamin D deficiency

Type 1 Diabetes

an autoimmune condition in which the immune system attacks the insulin producing cells in the pancreas, usually present from childhood

Type 2 Diabetes

results from the body’s improper use of insulin, can usually be treated with healthy diet and exercise

Cancer

disease characterized by an abnormal growth of cells rapidly multiplying in the body

Metastasis

Cancer cells breaking away and spreading to different parts of the body

Arteries

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Endocardium

inner layer of the heart, smooth; lines the chambers

Myocardium

muscular layer of the heart

Pericardium

outer layer around the heart to reduce friction

Septum

wall inside the heart that separates it into R and L halves