history test on a bunch of random slides of useless information about like every single country for you to cram your brain with cuz the test is on monday

Shift in attitude after 1850

before 1850 the attitude toward life was romanticism, after it was realpolitik

Realpolitik

system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations

Prince-President Louis Napoleon

the Revolution of 1848 gave him the opportunity to return to France and run for president as a "champion of order", on December 20, 1848 he was sworn in as the first president of France, called "the Small" bc many thought his success was due only to his famous name, later became called Napoleon III

Coup d'etat of 1851

Under the Constitution of 1848 the president could not serve two consecutive (4 yr) terms, so on December 2, 1851 Napoleon III had the army occupy the Legislative Hall and arrested leading members, had constitution revised to give the head of state "free and unfettered authority"

(dictatorship in disguise), more uprisings followed

French troops sent to Rome under Louis Napoleon

to restore the Pope's authority and maintain order during the 1849 Roman Republic.

international goals of Napoleon III

wanted to free France from the restrictions of the peace settlement of 1814-15 and make France the arbiter of Europe

domestic accomplishments of Napoleon III

government clearly authoritarian, controlled armed forces, police, and civil service, legislative corps could not initiate legislation, affect the budget, or declare war

what Napoleon III wanted to be for the people

he tried to be "all things to all people"

industrial growth and economy under Napoleon III

socialist, thought government should be used to stimulate the national economy, subsidized industrial growth

International Exposition of 1855

followed London's Great Exhibition of 1851, attempted to surpass the Crystal Palace

Paris reclaimed its place as the cultural and intellectual capital of Europe and advertised products of France to the world

Baron Haussmann's improvements to Paris

no more narrow streets and old city walls, made broad boulevards, spacious buildings, circular plazas, public squares

underground sewage system, public water supply, gaslights

military purpose and benefit of wider roads in Paris

made it more difficult to throw up barricades and easier for troops to move rapidly through the city to put down revolts

result of opposition against Napoleon III's socialist policies

made liberal reforms in gov to gain support of middle class, modified dictatorial powers, gave legislature more control, tried to grow support of working class, after more demands the assembly was permitted to introduce legislation and vote on a budget and the constitution was amended to give Legislature almost total control

1815-1854 (39 yrs) no wars

A new generation grew up that had no personal memories of battles in war so the misery of war was forgotten and the glories magnified, Napoleon III knew that a military campaign would gratify French vanity and consolidate his regime, Crimean War kept him afloat politically but disaster of Franco-Prussian war in 1870 would be his undoing bro what the actual heck is slide 15 makes zero sense

chief beneficiaries of the crumbling Ottoman Empire

After Siege of Vienna in 1683, HRE succeeded in pushing Turks out of Hungary, Transilvania, Croatia, and Slovenia

Russia seized Crimea and Bessarabia and invaded and then became a protectorate of Moldavia and Wallachia

Nationalist revolts led to Serbian and Greek independence 1830

Crimean War

France and Russia claimed vague rights to watch over the Christian minorities in the Turkish Empire, Russia demanded sole right to protect Christian Shrines in Palestine, Turks declared war on Russia

Balance of Power

Britain, France, and Austria became concerned about the balance of power in the region and Russian expansion

Austria wanted to expand territory into Balkans, feared Russia’s growing power

Britain feared Russia would seize the Dardanelles which would challenge their naval control

Britain and France both wanted to expand commercial opportunities in the Near East and establish naval bases on the eastern Mediterranean coast aggghhhhhhhhhhhhhhh

Czar Nicholas I

negotiated secret treaties with Austria and Britain for the partition of Turkey

secret treaties

Napoleon III warned British that the French would occupy Belgium as compensation if Russia, Britain, and Austria divided Turkey

Britain suddenly reversed its position and allied with France

Britain and France declared war on Russia on March 28, 1854

Russia looked to Austria for support in exchange for aid but Austria remained officially neutral

Charge of the Light Brigade

Written orders to British light cavalry during the Battle of Balaclava were to hold off the Russians, Miscommunicated orally to a full frontal assault, 600 troops of the brigade followed ambiguous orders although they knew they had very little chance of survival.

end of Crimean War

Tsar Nicholas I died of Typhus in March 1855

Tsar Alexander II sought a peace treaty after Austria threatened to join coalition

Treaty of Paris

The Black Sea was neutralized, Sultan Abdulmecid I promised reforms, Turkey admitted into the Concert of European states

Checked Russian expansion temporarily in the Balkans

Outcome of the Crimean War

Destroyed the Concert of Europe

Austria was alone bc earlier maintained status quo with Russia

now considered an enemy bc did not come to Russia’s aid

Russia was defeated and withdrew from European affairs for the next two decades

Great Britain was let down by its role in the war and pulled back from Continental affairs bro i actually cant do thisssss

International Red Cross

crimean war showed how poor army hospitals were, paved the way for

Geneva Convention

said that Red Cross hospitals and similar agencies should have protection according to neutrals

First Italian War of Independence

King Charles Albert declared war on Austria

Initially supported by the Papal States and Naples

Austria defeated the army of Charles Albert and reconquered Lombardy and Milan, became a popular war

Giuseppe Garibaldi

General who fought for independence of Brazil and Uruguay,

soldiers known as Red Shirts, marched on Rome and drove out Pius IX, Mazzini set up a republic in Rome

“Wherever we may be, there will Rome be”

Victor Emmanuel II made peace with Austria

Louis Napoleon sent troops to Rome to reinstate Pius IX

Garibaldi and his soldiers retreated from Rome

Italy was once again divided and helpless bc needed a unified plan and leadership

Mazzini’s idea of a unitarian, democratic republic and the idea of a federation under the Pope didn't appeal to Italians

Count Camillo di Cavour

Victor Emmanuel I's prime minister who was a liberal minded

and wealthy businessman, pursued a policy of economic expansion

reasons why the revolutionaries failed according to Cavour

He was convinced that Italians could not expel Austria without help

failed bc too romantic, overvalued enthusiasm and undervalued material forces

Demanded from the Italian people nobility, courage, and unselfishness they did not possess

It would have been better to bribe opponents

Alienated many cautious and conservative people

Cavour's Secret Treaty with France

Cavour made a secret treaty with Napoleon III

France would support Piedmont against Austria

Piedmont territory would expand into Upper Italy

France would get Nice and Savoy

Kingdom in central Italy would be created for Napoleon’s cousin who would be married to Victor Emmanuel's daughter

Napoleon essentially would control Italy but Austria had to start the fight

result of Cavour's Secret Treaty with France

Piedmont provoked Austria into invading

Austria defeated by French army

Prussia began mobilizing in support of Austria

France became alarmed and made a treaty with Austria w/o Cavour, who wanted Piedmont to continue fighting, then Cavour resigned

Parma, Modena, Tuscany, and part of Papal States revolted and drove out their princes

French army remained in Rome to protect the Pope

Garibaldi Makes His Move

Revolutionaries revolt against Bourbon king in Sicily, Garibaldi’s Redshirts conquered Sicily, then moved to take Naples - then Rome

Cavour did not support Garibaldi, King Victor Emmanuel II led an army down to Naples (avoiding Rome) to help Garibaldi

Victor Emmanuel's coronation and its result

March 17, 1861 he was proclaimed King of Italy, but unification still not complete bc Venetia was still under Austrian control and Rome was under Papal control

Austro-Prussian War or Seven Weeks’ War

Garibaldi came out of retirement to lead an army as part of an alliance with Prussia, Italians suffered huge defeats

Ultimately, Prussians defeated Austria

Pope Pius IX 's refusal to surrender

Forced occupation made Catholics mad

Cavour had wanted to leave the pope alone

Garibaldi hated the pope and marched on Rome but was defeated and taken prisoner

France needs to weaken before Italians could take Rome

Franco-Prussian War

French army was withdrawn from Rome, Victor Emmanuel urged Pius IX to accept Italian sovereignty but he refused

Victor Emmanuel breached the city, later on February 3, 1871 Rome was declared the capital of Italy

Pontificate and teachings of Pope Pius IX

opposed socialism and representative government, secular education, separation of Church and state, he rejected the Law of Guarantees that promised special privileges to the Pope, Popes remained “prisoners of the Vatican”, later Papacy recognized the state of Italy with Rome as its capital, Italy recognized papal rule over Vatican City and independence of the pope

Doctrinal Teachings

Dec 8, 1854 - Dogma of the Immaculate Conception

Syllabus of Errors 1864 - condemned propositions associated with pantheism, naturalism, rationalism, indifferentism, socialism, communism, or freemasonry

Papal Infallibility proclaimed at the First Vatican Council