POLI 363 Quiz #5 Pre-Reading Materials

What is the main argument in Lily Nichols, “How FIAP Broke Glass Ceilings in Canadian Diplomacy –And Should Go Further.””

1. Argues that FIAP and FFP “broke glass ceilings” because it transformed Canadian diplomacy by challenging established norms and exclusionary practices both within the government and in global engagement

2. Argues that FIAP has been conceptually cutting-edge, innovative in its formulation, and audacious both in its targets and commitments.

What is the backdrop in Lily Nichols, “How FIAP Broke Glass Ceilings in Canadian Diplomacy –And Should Go Further.””

1. Canada lives in unsettling times marked by global conflict, climate emergencies, authoritarianism and inequality. In this “polycrisis” context, the tendency toward isolation, protectionism and militarization is understandable. Yet, it is precisely at this time that Canada must assert itself as a global advocate for democracy, human rights and inclusion.

How FIAP Broke Glass Ceilings according to Lily Nichols, “How FIAP Broke Glass Ceilings in Canadian Diplomacy –And Should Go Further.””

1. Strengthening Southern WROs, Regional and Global Networks

2. Protecting The Rights of Marginalized Groups

3. Enabling Women’s Participation in Male Dominated Professions and Domains

4. Mobilizing Resources for Women’s Entrepreneurship and Climate Change Contributions

5. Legislation and Policies For Women’s Equality

What are the recommendations in Lily Nichols, “How FIAP Broke Glass Ceilings in Canadian Diplomacy –And Should Go Further.””

1. Institutionalize and Expand Policy Coherence

2. Engage New Players, Especially in the Global South

3. Be Better Knowledge Brokers, Learners and Storytellers

4. Reframe FIAP/FFP Around Current Global and National Canadian Interests

What is the main takeaway in Stephen Brown, “The World Needs Less Canada?”

1. PM Carnry is breaking his promise that Canada will not make cuts to foreign aid.

2. The cuts to foreign aid by $2.7 billion and how they are justified suggest that Canada is no longer interested in providing a leadership role in international development.

   1. As a result, global health will bear the brunt.

What happened during pandemic times according to Stephen Brown, “The World Needs Less Canada?”

1. Most foreign aid was towards Ukraine, and assisting refugees.

What is the main argument in Stephen Brown, “The World Needs Less Canada?”

1. Canada needs the world far more than the world needs Canada. At a time when Canada is trying to diversify its trade relations and could use all the friends it can get, including in the Global South, it would make more sense to increase its aid spending.

What is the main takeaway in Stephen Baranyi, Jody-Ann Anderson, Safo Musta and Nancy Saint Louis, “What Future for Canada’s FIAP? Insights from Latin America and the Caribbean.”

1. While the Feminist International Assistance Policy (FIAP) has demonstrated significant, concrete outcomes in advancing gender equality (GE) and justice in Latin America and the Caribbean, its future depends on the Canadian ability to renew its commitment to policy coherence and feminist values in Canada’s foreign policy and aid away from virtue signalling.

What are the main contributions of FIAP in Stephen Baranyi, Jody-Ann Anderson, Safo Musta and Nancy Saint Louis, “What Future for Canada’s FIAP? Insights from Latin America and the Caribbean.”

1. Work done in Columbia, Haiti, and Jamaica and Caricom:

2. FIAP led to major increases in funding and helped advance GE efforts through practical outcomes, such as recruiting women, reforming judicial systems to be more victim-friendly, and supporting women-led organizations

What are the Organizations made because of FIAP according to Stephen Baranyi, Jody-Ann Anderson, Safo Musta and Nancy Saint Louis, “What Future for Canada’s FIAP? Insights from Latin America and the Caribbean.”

1. Columbia with THE HALO Trust which ensured women’s recruitment in all roles.

2. Jamaica with the JURIST Project which established more victim-friendly and gender-sensitive court environments.

3. Haiti with the Voices and Leadership of Women reinforced 36 Haitian women’s organisations.

What are the 3 main threats in The Canadian Security Intelligence Service Director’s Annual Speech.

1. Violent Extremism:

   1. References the Air India Flight 182 which killed all 329 people on board.

2. Foreign Interference

   1. Which risks Canadian democracy.

3. Espionage

   1. Both foreign interference and espionage are rapidly evolving to include more minors, and various espionage targets across technology.

What are the main ways to combat the threats according to The Canadian Security Intelligence Service Director’s Annual Speech.

1. Transparency as a Tool for Resilience:

   1. By being transparent, CSIS intends to empower Canadians to make more informed decisions regarding their own security and the national interest

2. Adaptability and Partnership: 

   1. Despite "unrelenting" demands, CSIS remains strong and capable by leveraging trusted domestic and international partnerships to defend Canadian sovereignty

3. Reassurance of Service: 

   1. The primary goal is to reassure the public that CSIS is working tirelessly and effectively to defend the rights, freedoms, and way of life that define Canada

What is the evolving nature of the times according to The Canadian Security Intelligence Service Director’s Annual Speech.

1. Traditional threats like violent extremism now often involve radicalized youth and online platforms, while foreign interference and espionage have expanded to target private sector data, academic institutions, and marginalized communities through transnational repression

What is the main takeaway according to CSIS Public Report 2024. Read “Intelligence Operations” (pages 22-51 in the PDF document, or from “Rising to the Challenge” to “Cybersecurity”

1. Marking its 40th anniversary created in 1984, the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) maintains that Canada faces an unprecedented and simultaneous convergence of complex threats—including pervasive foreign interference, evolving violent extremism, and sophisticated cyber-espionage—driven by a volatile global landscape and rapid technological change that requires a modernized, transparent, and collaborative response to protect national interests.

What critical takeaways are there from the current threat environment according to  CSIS Public Report 2024. Read “Intelligence Operations” (pages 22-51 in the PDF document, or from “Rising to the Challenge” to “Cybersecurity”?

1. Foreign Interference (FI)

2. Violent Extremism

3. Technological Revolution

4. Operational Shift

What is the current level of the National Terrorism Threat Level according to “Canada’s national Terrorism Threat Level”?

1. The current level is medium.

What are the prohibitions delineated in “Canadian Sanctions Related to Terrorism Activities.”?

1. a prohibition on the export of arms and related material or explosives to any designated person;

2. a prohibition on the provision to any designated person of any technical assistance related to the provision, manufacture, maintenance or use of arms and related material or explosives;

3. a prohibition on providing or collecting funds with the intention that the funds be used, or in the knowledge that the funds are to be used, by a designated person;

4. an assets freeze against any designated person.

What Organizations created the prohibitions according to “Canadian Sanctions Related to Terrorism Activities.”?

Prohibitions to Suppress International Intelligence Under the United Nations Act (UNA), Special Economic Measures Act (SEMA)

What is the main takeaway in the Public Inquiry Into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions Final Report ?

1. Canada cherishes the value of democracy, however, foreign intereference in Canada’d democratic institutions have caused fear and concern. In order to counter it, Canada relies on trust in elected representatives and confidence in our democratic institutions.

2. The government maintains some secrecy when necessary to counter foreign intereference but not when it harms the institutions they seek to protect.

What is the recommended response according to Public Inquiry Into Foreign Interference in Federal Electoral Processes and Democratic Institutions Final Report?

1. An effective response to foreign interference demands a whole-of-society response across all levels of government and peoples of Canada, not just a whole-of-government response.

What are the main takeaways in Stephanie Carvin and Thomas Juneau, “Why AUKUS and not CAUKUS? It’s a Potluck, not a Party.”?

1. AUKUS 1.0 (aka “first pillar” is not a problem for Canada, despite this early concern: Canada may need to renew its aging submarine fleet, but it is unlikely to acquire nuclear submarines in the foreseeable future.

2. There are broader reasons for Canada to be worried: its exclusion from AUKUS is illustrative of its neglect of foreign, defence, and national security policy more generally.

3. Moreover, as the pact evolves into AUKUS 2.0 (aka 2nd pillar) and broadens its remit to cooperation on emerging defence technologies, Canada’s absence from its proliferating working groups risks imposing serious costs.

What are the recommendations in Stephanie Carvin and Thomas Juneau, “Why AUKUS and not CAUKUS? It’s a Potluck, not a Party.”?

1. To reverse this trend, the authors recommend that Canada better leverage its niche capabilities (such as Arctic expertise and the Communications Security Establishment) and "Canadianize" its intelligence efforts by focusing more on pursuing properly Canadian interests rather than relying heavily on imported foreign intelligence

What is the “potluck metaphor” made in Stephanie Carvin and Thomas Juneau, “Why AUKUS and not CAUKUS? It’s a Potluck, not a Party.”??

1. 21st-century multilateralism has shifted from a "party" to a "potluck," where countries are only invited if they bring concrete capabilities or resources to the table

2. Canada is increasingly viewed by its allies as a "free rider" that expects the benefits of security and intelligence sharing without making the necessary investments to contribute meaningfully

What is the main objective made in Ryan Westman, “Improving Canadian Digital Defences: A National eSecurity Priority.”?

1. Strengthening Canada’s digital defenses is a national security priority that requires a shift from individual business responsibility to a collaborative, government-supported "national team" approach

What is the backdrop made in Ryan Westman, “Improving Canadian Digital Defences: A National eSecurity Priority.” ?

1. A "defensive gap" exists because Canadian legislation primarily focuses on protecting federal institutions and critical infrastructure, leaving small and medium-sized businesses to defend themselves against sophisticated state-sponsored and criminal cyberthreats

2. To bridge this, the author argues that Managed Detection and Response (MDR) is the most critical security control, as it is the only way to detect and stop cyberattacks already in progress

What are the broad recommendations made in Ryan Westman, “Improving Canadian Digital Defences: A National eSecurity Priority.”?

1. Incentivize more industry collaborations

2. Increase the Base level of cybersecurity for small and medium sizes enterprises across the country

3. Rapidly scale the cybersecurity talent in Canada

What are the concrete recommendations made in Ryan Westman, “Improving Canadian Digital Defences: A National eSecurity Priority.”?

1. the Canadian Centre for Cyber Security (CCCS) and the RCMP’s National Cybercrime Coordination Centre (NC3) to adopt a model similar to the United States' Joint Cyber Defense Collaborative (JCDC).

2. The GoC should provide a financial incentive to SMEs leveraging Canadian MDR providers.

3. The GoC should also give Canadian MDR providers a financial incentive to grow their talen in the form of non-refunandable tax credit.

What does MDR Stand for?

1. Managed Detection and Response

What is the main takeaway made in Wesley Wark, “National Security Goes into Space.”?

1. Alliance and partnerships are recognized as crucial to achieving national security in space.

2. Canada’s national security strategy for space is inchoate (incomplete).

   1. It lacks doctrine, delivery on promises of enhanced capabilities and a clear vision of the value of alliance contributions,

3. Space systems now constitute critical infrastructure, not just for the major spacefaring nations, but for the global system as a whole.

4. As such, threats to the safe and unmolested functioning of space critical infrastructure, whether they are national or commercial space assets, drive rising national security concerns.

What is the backdrop of space according to Wesley Wark, “National Security Goes into Space.”?

1. Space has transitioned into a critical and contested national security domain, where the protection of space-based infrastructure is now essential for military power, economic prosperity, and global stability.

2. Because space assets are increasingly vulnerable to disruption from adversaries and orbital congestion, sustained international alliances are the primary mechanism for ensuring security and deterrence

Alliances and approaches made in Wesley Wark, “National Security Goes into Space.”?

1. CSpO

2. The UK Approach

3. New Zealand and Australia: Five Eyes Alliance

What is CSpO made in Wesley Wark, “National Security Goes into Space.”?

1. New members: Italy and Japan

2. The Combined Space Operations (CSpO) initiative is a US-led partnership to coordinate national security operations in space among like-minded nations focusing on collective deterrence, resilience, and the establishment of norms for responsible behavior in orbit

What is the UK Approach according to Wesley Wark, “National Security Goes into Space.”?

1. The desire to become a “meaningful actor in space” through a three-fold framework described as “own-access-collaborate”

What are the recommendations made in Wesley Wark, “National Security Goes into Space.”?

1. Pursue collective alliance security policies and practices

2. Space national security strategies can be an important tool to guie policy and heighten education.

3. Canada must demonstrate a commitment to being “ally-worthy” in space.

4. A need for greater public awareness of the contemporary space environment and the national security risks it contains.

5. The Ukraine war should continue to be analyzed as an important test case for the use of counterspace capabilities and the response for them.

Why has spaced transitioned into a concern according to Wesley Wark, “National Security Goes into Space.”?

1. A "War-Fighting" Environment: The space domain is no longer just for exploration but competitive.

2. The Necessities for Alliances

3. The “Dual Challenge” of balancing commercial and civil satellite systems for intelligence and surveillance.

4. Canada’s Strategic Gap: Canada currently lacks a dedicated space national security doctrine

Who is in AUKUS?

Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States

Who is in Five Eyes?

Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America