Science 2.1

Photosynthesis

stored food, light energy converts to chemical energy

stroma, granum, lumen, thylakoids, inner membrane, outer membrane

chloroplast

stroma

tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas exchange. fluid-filled internal space of the chloroplast which encircle the grana & the thylakoids

Granum

stacks of thylakoids

grana

multiple stacks of thylakoids

thylakoids

membrane-bound structure that contains the chlorophyll

chloroplast

the plant contains cells that are made up of chloroplast.

chlorophyll

inside the chloroplast a green pigment absorbs some of the energy in the visible light

light-dependent (thylakoids)

the light energy needed is captured from the sun. water is used as a raw material, along with sunlight

light-independent (stroma)

the light energy is not necessary for the reaction to occur

dark reaction

light-independent reaction is also called/knows as

Calvin Cycle

dark reaction is otherwise wise knows as in honor of Melvin Calvin

adenosine triphosphate

atp

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Hydrogen

NADPH

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen

NADH

cations

positively charge

anions

negatively charge

carbon dioxide + water < light energy chlorophyll > glucose + oxygen

photosynthesis

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + atp energy

cellular respiration

aerobic respiration

occurs in the presence of oxygen

anaerobic respiration

occurs in the absence of oxygen

atoms

are rarely found free

chemical bonding

attractive force

Lewis Electron Dot Structure

LEDS

Gilbert Newton Lewis

American chemist that observed that all noble gases, except helium had eight electrons in their outermost shell

Valence Electrons

outermost shell

octet rule

eight electrons

lewis dot symbol

refers to both the dot system and the symbol

ionic compound

any neutral compound containing cations and anions

ionic bond

the electrostatic force that holds cations and anions together in a compound

proton

positive

electron

negative

neutron

neutral

molecules

composed of two or more atoms or compounds

covalent bond

forces that hold atoms together in a molecule