Alkaloids

alkaloids

organic nitrogenous plant secondary metabolites which are pharmacologically active

• bitter taste

• Usually crystalline or amorphous

other properties of alkaloids

alkaloid base

usually lipid soluble

alkaloidal salts

usually water-soluble

• nicotine

• coniine

• sparteine

• arecoline

liquid alkaloids

mayer’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

potassium mercuric iodide

coniine

alkaloid found in pitcher plant and venus flytrap used to trap insects

it is sweet-smelling for insects

nessler’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

alkaline potassium mercuric iodide

wagner’s

iodine in potassium iodide

dragendorf’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

potassium bismuth iodide

valser’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

mercuric iodide

marme’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

cadmium in KI

sonnenchein’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

phosphomolybdic acid

schiebler’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

phosphotungstic acid

hager’s

identify the reagent based on its composition

saturated picric acid

cream

color of positive result in mayer’s

brown

color of positive result in nessler’s

reddish brown

color of positive result in wagner’s

reddish brown

color of positive result in dragendorf’s

white

color of positive result in valser’s

cream

color of positive result in marme’s

yellow

color of positive result in sonnenchein’s

yellow to orange

color of positive result in schiebler’s

yellow

color of positive result in hager’s

protalkaloids

also known as non-heterocyclic alkaloids

protalkaloids

they contain nitrogen in a side chain and considered as an alkaloid due to their pharmacological property

e.g.alkaloidal amines

typical alkaloids

also known as heterocyclic alkaloids

heterocyclic

the nitrogen is in ring structure ad chemically considered as an alkaloid

pyridine

identify the image

piperidine

identify the image

tropane

identify the image

quinoline

identify the image

isoquinoline

identify the image

indole

identify the image

imidazole

identify the image

steroidal

identify the image

purine

identify the image

ephedra

also called as Ma huang

Ephedra sinica

source of ephedra/ma huang

ephedrine

alkaloidal constituent of ephedra

ephedrine

• for hypotension, nasal congestion and asthma

• can be precursor for amphetamines

sinutab

withdrawn in the market due to ephedrine content

lianhua quingwen

chinese drug that contain ephedrine

saffron meadow

autumn crocus is also known as

Colchicum autumnale

source of autumn crocus

colchicine

constituent of autumn crocus

colchicine

• old DOC of acute gout

• anti-mitotic and for doubling of chromosomes

allopurinol

new DOC for chronic gout

NSAIDs

DOC for acute gout

khat

also called abyssinian tea

Catha edulis

source of Khat

cathenone

constituent of khat

cathenone

euphoric (amphetamine-like effect) and alleviate hunger

peyote

also called as mescal buttons

Lophophora williamsii

source of peyote/mescal buttons

mescaline

constituent of peyote/mescal buttons

mescaline

hallucinogenic and psychomimetic

mescaline

oldest/first phenylalkylamine alkaloid

Nicotania tabacum

source of nicotine

nicotine

derivative or pyrrolidone

use as smoking deterrent, CNS stimulant - cholinergic

nicotine

identify the structure

areca

also known as betel nut

Areca catechu

source of areca/betel nut

areca

use as stimulatory masticatory, taenicide, antihelminthic (veterinary)

areca

have high tannin content: risk for mouth and esophageal cancer

lobelia

also called as indian tobacco

Lobelia inflata

source of lobelia/indian tobacco

lobeline

constituent of lobelia that is less addictive than nicotine

arecoline

constituent of areca

belladonna

also called as the deadly nightshade

Atropa belladonna

source of belladonna

• hyoscyamine

• atropine

main constituents of belladona

atropine

anti-cholinergic and antidote for cholinergic poisoning

hyoscyamine

anti spasmodic for menstruation

hyoscyamus

also called as henbane

Hyoscyamus niger

source of hyoscyamus/henbane

• hyoscyamine

• scopolamine

main constituents of hyoscyamus/henbane

scopolamine

anti motion sickness

Hyoscyamus muticus

source of egyptian henbane

hyoscyamine

constituent of egyptian henbane

talampunay

also called as thorn apple

Datura metel

source of talumpunay/thorn apple

thorn apple

local source of scopolamine/hyoscyamine/atropine

Withania somnifera

source of Withania

• tropine

• pseudotropine

• hygrine

main constituents of withania

withania

tropane alkaloid used as sedative

stramomium

also called as jimson weed

Datura stramomium

source of stramomium/jimson weed

jimson weed

burnt weed of this plant releases vapor as anti-asthma

Duboisia myoporoides

source of duboisia

duboisia

commercial source of atropine

pituri

also known as australian tobacco

• nicotine

• nornicotine

constituents of pituri/australian tobacco

mandragora

also called as european mandrake

Mandragora officinarum

source of mandragora/european mandrake

• hyoscyamine

• scopolamine

• mandragorine

constituent of mandragora

coca

also known as divine the plant of Incas

• Erthroxylon coca

• Huanuco coca

source of coca leaves

cocaine

main constituent of coca/coca leaves

cocaine

prototype of local anesthetic ( the only one with vasoconstriction)