Anatomy and Physiology Semester Review

Cerebrum

Largest part of the brain; responsible for voluntary muscular activity, vision, speech, taste, hearing, thought, and memory. Outer layer of the brain

Cerebral Cortex

outer region of the cerebrum, containing sheets of nerve cells; gray matter of the brain

Cerebral medulla

white matter between the cortex and nuclei

Frontal lobe

Responsible for planning, personality, judgement, voluntary movement (motor cortex)

Parietal lobe

Responsible for bodily sensations

Occipital lobe

Responsible for visual info

Temporal lobe

responsible for hearing and language

Parts of the brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Midbrain

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

Pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

Medulla oblongata

Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion.

Dendrite

the part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons and relays it to the cell body

Cell body

the part of a neuron that contains the nucleus; the cell's life-support center

Nodes of Ranvier

part of neuron between myelin sheaths that concentrate the ion channels

Myelin Sheath

Part of the neuron that covers the long nerve fibers

Schwann cell

A type of glial cell that forms insulating myelin sheaths around the axons of neurons in the peripheral nervous system.

Axon

Part of the neuron that connects the cell body to the axon terminal

Axon terminal

Part of the neuron that contains neurotransmitters and sends signals to the next neuron.

Rods

Photoreceptors that provide shades of gray

C

Cones

Photoreceptors responsible for color vision.

Parts of the eye

Nearsightedness

a condition in which far objects are hard to see

Farsightedness

a condition in which close objects are hard to see

astigmatism

a condition in which the eye does not focus properly because of uneven curvatures of the cornea

Cataracts

clouding of the lens due to aging

Glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision

Colorblindness

inability to see certain color combinations: red-green or blue-yellow; 10% are male and 1% are female

What is a hormone

a chemical messenger carried in the blood that is released by endocrine glands

Insulin

A hormone produced by the pancreas or taken as a medication by many diabetics; lowers blood sugar levels

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.

Testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. stimulates the growth of the male sex organs and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

Epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

Growth hormone

Anterior pituitary hormone that regulates growth and metabolism.

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness.

E

Estrogen

Responsible for the female reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

Diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

Hypothyroidism

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal

Positive feedback loops

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified; Ex: childbirth, blood clotting

Negative feedback loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving; Ex: body temp regulation

Characteristics of RBC's

no nucleus, biconcave, flexible membrane, life span 120 days, produce hemoglobin (Hgb); act as buffer to maintain acid base balance

Causes of anemia

blood loss, low RBC production, high RBC destruction

Phases of hemostasis

vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Blood types

A, B, AB, O

Type A blood

Donate to A and AB; receive from A and O

Type B blood

donate to B and AB; receive from B and O

Type AB blood

donate to AB; receive from AB, A, B, and O; universal receiver

Type O blood

Different types of white blood cells

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Most numerous WBC

neutrophil

Platelets

thrombocytes; increase in number in response to bleeding

Largest WBC

monocyte

Transports oxygen

red blood cell

Flow of blood through the heart and body

superior & inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → ascending aorta → aortic arch → descending aorta → body

Epicardium

outer layer of the heart

Myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

Endocardium

inner lining of the heart

Systemic circuit

Circuit of blood that carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.

Pulmonary circuit

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart

Bicuspid valve

valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; has two flaps; left atrioventricular valve aka mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

right atrioventricular valve separating the right atrium and ventricle; has 3 flaps

Aortic semilunar valve

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Pulmonary semilunar valve

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

Left Atrium

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

Left Ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta

Right Atrium

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus

Right Ventricle

pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Lub-Dub sound

Lub- AV valves close

Dub- semilunar valves close

Tachycardia

fast heart rate

Bradycardia

slow heart rate

What does an EKG show

electrical activity of the heart

What is blood pressure

force that keeps blood circulating continuously

Normal blood pressure

120/80

Hypertension

high blood pressure; 140/90

Which artery is commonly used for BP measurement

Carotid artery

Atherosclerosis

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Tunica intima

the innermost layer of a blood vessel; present in all 3 vessels, thin surface

Tunica Media

Smooth middle muscle layer of a blood vessel; bulkiest

Tunica externa

outermost layer of a blood vessel

Arteries

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart

Veins

carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart

Vasoconstriction

the constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure.

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels to increase blood flow.

Arterioles

small vessels branching from the arteries

Capillaries

connect arterioles and venules; smallest blood vessel

Venules

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

What does taking your pulse measure

Your blood flowing and your heart pumping; BPM

Systolic blood pressure

the pressure created in the arteries when the left ventricle contracts and forces blood out into circulation; heart is pumping

diastolic blood pressure

the pressure in the arteries when the left ventricle is refilling; heart is relaxing

Gall bladder

An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine

Bile

A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles.

Small intestine function

Absorbs most nutrients; Main absorption organ of the digestive tract

Small intestine parts

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Large intestine functions (colon)

Absorb water and electrolytes, produce and absorb vitamins, and form and propel feces toward the rectum

Functions of saliva(amylase)

Breaks down complex carbohydrates

What enzyme breaks down starches and carbs

amylase

What enzyme breaks down proteins?

protease

Chyme

Partially digested, semiliquid food mixed with digestive enzymes and acids in the stomach.

Villi

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption