341 Exam 3 - Thalamus

prosencephalon

From what primary vesicle does the diencephalon arise?

prosencephalon

From what primary vesicle does the telencephalon arise?

diencephalon

What secondary vesicle develops into the thalamus, hypothalamus, and retina?

telencephalon

What secondary vesicle develops into the cerebral hemispheres, including the cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, and most of the basal ganglia?

third ventricle

Which cavity is associated with the diencephalon?

lateral ventricles

Which cavity is associated with the telencephalon?

thalamus, hypothalamus, retina

What are the three major neural derivatives of the diencephalon?

telencephalon, diencephalon

Which two secondary vesicles derive from the prosencephalon? 

gray matter

Is the diencephalon comprised for white matter or gray matter?

third ventricle

The right and left sides of the diencephalon are separated by what structure?

hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus

What are the four major structures of the diencephalon?

hypothalamus

Which structure of the thalamus is located inferior to the anterior portion of the thalamus, superior to the pituitary gland, anterior to the midbrain, and posterior to the optic chiasm? 

inferior

The hypothalamus is located ____ to the anterior portion of the thalamus.

superior

The hypothalamus is located ____ to the pituitary gland.

anterior

The hypothalamus is located ____ to the midbrain.

posterior

The hypothalamus is located ____ to the optic chiasm. 

hypothalamic nuclei, mammillary bodies, infundibular stalk

What are the three major structures of the hypothalamus?

hypothalamus

The hypothalamic nuclei, mammillary bodies, and infundibular stalk all belong to which part of the diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

hypothalamus

The hypothalamic nuclei belong to which part of the diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

hypothalamus

The mammillary bodies belong to which part of the diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

hypothalamus

The infundibular stalk belongs to which part of the diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

infundibular stalk

Which structure of the hypothalamus can be described as the connector between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

What is another term for the infundibular stalk?

infundibular stalk

What is another term for the infundibulum?

hypothalamus

Portions of which part of the diencephalon can be seen on an intact brain (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

mammillary bodies, infundibular stalk

Which 2 structures of the hypothalamus can be seen on an intact brain?

autonomic

The hypothalamus is a major control center of the ____ nervous system (autonomic or somatic). 

posterior

The epithalamus is located ____ to the thalamus.

epithalamus

Which of the following structures is located posterior to the thalamus: hypothalamus or epithalamus

pineal gland, habenula

What are the two major structures of the epithalamus?

habenular nuclei

What is another term for the habenula?

habenula

What is another term for the habenular nuclei?

epithalamus

The pineal gland belongs to which part of the diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

epithalamus

The habenula belongs to which part of the diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

epithalamus

The pineal gland and habenula both belong to which part of the diencephalon (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus)?

pineal gland

midline, unpaired endocrine gland which receives neural inputs from the hypothalamus and has hormonal outputs in response 

1

How many pineal glands does the human brain contain?

false

True or false: there is right and left pineal gland.

false

True or false: the pineal gland has neural outputs.

true

True or false: the pineal gland has only hormonal outputs.

false

True or false: the pineal gland has both neural and hormonal outputs.

hypothalamus

The pineal gland receives neural inputs primarily from the ____.

epithalamus, hypothalamus

The pineal gland is a feature of the ____ but receives neural inputs primarily from the ____.

false

True or false: the pineal gland belongs to the hypothalamus.

false

True or false: the pineal gland receives neural inputs primarily from the epithalamus. 

pineal gland

Which feature of the diencephalon displays a circadian rhythm to light and influences sleep-wake cycles?

melatonin

What hormone does the pineal gland release in response to darkness?

pineal gland

Tumors of the ____ ____ may lead to hydrocephalus, deficits in eye movement, and/or changes in sexual development such as precocious puberty.

cerebral aqueduct

Tumors of the pineal gland may lead to hydrocephalus due to compression of the ____ ____. 

oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV)

Tumors of the pineal gland may lead to deficits in eye movements due to compression of the midbrain, affecting nuclei of which two cranial nerves associated with eye movements?

hydrocephalus

What may result if a tumor of the pineal gland causes compression of the cerebral aqueduct?

deficits in eye movements

What may result if a tumor of the pineal gland causes compression of the midbrain?

habenula 

Which structure of the diencephalon is thought to play a role in assigning a “reward value” to stimuli and may play a role in depression? 

habenula

Which structure of the epithalamus is thought to play a role in assigning a “reward value” to stimuli and may play a role in depression? 

subthalamus

Which part of the diencephalon is part of the neural circuit that helps control movement?

inferior, lateral, medial 

The subthalamus is located ____ to the thalamus, ____ to the hypothalamus, and ____ to the midbrain cerebral peduncles. 

inferior

The subthalamus is located ____ to the thalamus.

lateral

The subthalamus is located ____ to the hypothalamus.

medial

The subthalamus is located ____ to the midbrain cerebral peduncles.

gray

The diencephalon is a large mass of ____ matter deeply situated in the forebrain. 

pineal gland

Which is not a major anatomical feature of the hypothalamus:

• hypothalamic nuclei

• infundibular stalk

• mammillary bodies

• pineal gland

movement

The subthalamus deals primarily with

• cognition

• emotions

• movement

• sensation

thalamus

What is the largest part of the diencephalon? (hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus) 

80%

The thalamus makes up what percentage of the diencephalon?

gray matter

Is the thalamus primarily gray matter or white matter?

3

The thalamic nuclei are divided into how many regions by the internal medullary lamina?

internal medullary lamina

What structure divides the thalamic nuclei into three major regions? 

anterior, medial, lateral

What are the names of the three major regions of thalamic nuclei divided by the internal medullary lamina?

anterior, medial

Nuclei of the ____ and ____ regions of the thalamus (as divided by the internal medullary lamina) deal primarily with memory and emotions.

lateral

Nuclei of the ____ region of the thalamus (as divided by the internal medullary lamina) deal primarily with sensory and motor functions.

memory, emotions

Nuclei of the anterior and medial regions of the thalamus deal primarily with ____ and ____. 

memory, emotions

Nuclei of the anterior region of the thalamus deal primarily with ____ and ____. 

memory, emotions

Nuclei of the medial region of the thalamus deal primarily with ____ and ____. 

sensory, motor

Nuclei of the lateral region of the thalamus deal primarily with ____ and ____ functions. 

ventral posterior nucleus (VP)

The is the collective name for the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) and ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) in the thalamus? 

ventral posterior nucleus

In the thalamus, what does “VP” stand for?

ventral posterolateral nucleus

In the thalamus, what does “VPL” stand for?

ventral posteromedial nucleus

In the thalamus, what does “VPM” stand for?

lateral

Which region of the thalamus does the ventral posterior nucleus (VP) belong to? (anterior, medial, lateral)

lateral

Which region of the thalamus does the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) belong to? (anterior, medial, lateral)

lateral

Which region of the thalamus does the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) belong to? (anterior, medial, lateral)

ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL), ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)

Which two thalamic nuclei are collectively referred to as the ventral posterior nucleus (VP)?

ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)

Which specific thalamic nucleus relays sensory information from the body to the cortex? 

ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)

Which specific thalamic nucleus relays sensory information from the head to the cortex? 

sensory

Does the ventral posterior nucleus (VP) relay sensory or motor information?

sensory

Does the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) relay sensory or motor information?

sensory

Does the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) relay sensory or motor information?

body

Does the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) relay sensory information from the body or head to the cortex? 

head

Does the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) relay sensory information from the body or head to the cortex?

ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL)

Damage to which specific thalamic nucleus would result in loss of sensation on the contralateral side of the body?

ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM)

Damage to which specific thalamic nucleus would result in loss of sensation on the contralateral side of the head?

contralateral

Would damage to the ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL) result in contralateral or ipsilateral loss of sensation of the body. 

contralateral

Would damage to the ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPM) result in contralateral or ipsilateral loss of sensation of the head. 

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Which specific thalamic nucleus relays visual information?

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Which specific thalamic nucleus relays auditory information?

lateral

Which region of the thalamus does the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) belong to? (anterior, medial, lateral)

lateral

Which region of the thalamus does the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) belong to? (anterior, medial, lateral)

lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

Damage to which specific thalamic nucleus would result in cortical blindness? 

medial geniculate nucleus (MGN)

Damage to which specific thalamic nucleus would result in cortical deafness or hyper/hyposensitivity to sound?

visual

Does the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) relay visual or auditory information?