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Cartilage
A type of connective tissue that forms the initial model for bones before they become bone tissue.
Periosteum
The outermost layer of connective tissue that completely encases the bone.
Endosteum
The deepest layer of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of bones.
Compact bone
Dense and strong bone tissue that provides rigidity and resistance to compression forces.
Spongy bone
Porous bone tissue with open spaces that allows for flexibility and the storage of red bone marrow.
Osteoprogenitor cells
Stem cells that can differentiate into different types of bone cells.
Osteoclasts
Bone cells responsible for breaking down and degrading bone tissue.
Intermembranous ossification
The process of bone formation that occurs in flat bones, where mesenchyme is converted directly into bone tissue.
Mesenchyme
The embryonic connective tissue from which bones develop.
Osteoids
Circular structures within the mesenchyme where ossification occurs, containing osteoblasts.
Osteoblast
Cells responsible for producing new bone tissue.
Osteocyte
Cells responsible for maintaining bone tissue.
Spongy bone
Porous bone tissue formed by osteoblasts.
Endochondrial ossification
Process of bone formation from hyaline cartilage.
Hyaline cartilage
Cartilage that serves as a model for bone formation.
Epiphyseal plate
Also known as growth plates, these are plates of hyaline cartilage that allow bones to grow in length.
Epiphyseal line
Remnants of the growth plate that ossify in adulthood.
Growing pains
Discomfort experienced during periods of rapid growth due to the stretching and movement of bones and skin.
Estrogen
A hormone that promotes rapid growth and maturation, particularly in females.
Testosterone
A hormone that is converted into estrogen in males to promote growth.
Limb lengthening surgery
A procedure in which bones are intentionally broken and gradually extended to increase height.
Pituitary gland
A gland in the brain that controls the production of various hormones, including growth hormones.
Osteoprogenitors
Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts.
Osteocytes
Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.
Osteoclasts
Cells that dissolve bone tissue, allowing for remodeling and release of stored minerals like calcium.
Medullary cavity
The central cavity within long bones that contains bone marrow and allows for bone expansion in diameter.
Pregnancy-induced osteoporosis
Increased osteoclast activity during pregnancy, leading to bone breakdown and calcium transfer to the developing fetus.
Bone maintenance
The process of preserving and repairing existing bone tissue once growth has ceased.
Yellow bone marrow
A storage site for excess lipids or fats found inside many bones, especially long bones.
Hematopoiesis
The process of new blood cells being deposited into the circulatory system from the red bone marrow.
Hairline fracture
A fine crack in the bone that doesn't completely separate the bone.
Greenstick fracture
A partial fracture where part of the bone is broken but the other part is still intact.
Complete fracture
When the bone is broken into two or more separate pieces.
Compound fracture
A fracture where the broken end of the bone protrudes out of the skin, causing damage to surrounding tissues and increasing the risk of infection.
Spiral fracture
A crack in the bone that spirals around and across the bone.
Hematoma
A collection of blood that forms around a broken bone.
Fibrocartilage callus
The replacement of the hematoma with fibrocartilage, which fills in the broken area.
Osteoclasts
Cells that remove excess bone and reshape it during the healing process.
Bone remodeling
The process by which bones reshape and strengthen themselves after a breakage or injury.
Hematoma
A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually caused by an injury or trauma.
Joints
The points where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and flexibility.
Articulation