7. Skeletal System part 2

Cartilage

A type of connective tissue that forms the initial model for bones before they become bone tissue.

Periosteum

The outermost layer of connective tissue that completely encases the bone.

Endosteum

The deepest layer of connective tissue that lines the inner surface of bones.

Compact bone

Dense and strong bone tissue that provides rigidity and resistance to compression forces.

Spongy bone

Porous bone tissue with open spaces that allows for flexibility and the storage of red bone marrow.

Osteoprogenitor cells

Stem cells that can differentiate into different types of bone cells.

Osteoclasts

Bone cells responsible for breaking down and degrading bone tissue.

Intermembranous ossification

The process of bone formation that occurs in flat bones, where mesenchyme is converted directly into bone tissue.

Mesenchyme

The embryonic connective tissue from which bones develop.

Osteoids

Circular structures within the mesenchyme where ossification occurs, containing osteoblasts.

Osteoblast

Cells responsible for producing new bone tissue.

Osteocyte

Cells responsible for maintaining bone tissue.

Spongy bone

Porous bone tissue formed by osteoblasts.

Endochondrial ossification

Process of bone formation from hyaline cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

Cartilage that serves as a model for bone formation.

Epiphyseal plate

Also known as growth plates, these are plates of hyaline cartilage that allow bones to grow in length.

Epiphyseal line

Remnants of the growth plate that ossify in adulthood.

Growing pains

Discomfort experienced during periods of rapid growth due to the stretching and movement of bones and skin.

Estrogen

A hormone that promotes rapid growth and maturation, particularly in females.

Testosterone

A hormone that is converted into estrogen in males to promote growth.

Limb lengthening surgery

A procedure in which bones are intentionally broken and gradually extended to increase height.

Pituitary gland

A gland in the brain that controls the production of various hormones, including growth hormones.

Osteoprogenitors

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts.

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue.

Osteoclasts

Cells that dissolve bone tissue, allowing for remodeling and release of stored minerals like calcium.

Medullary cavity

The central cavity within long bones that contains bone marrow and allows for bone expansion in diameter.

Pregnancy-induced osteoporosis

Increased osteoclast activity during pregnancy, leading to bone breakdown and calcium transfer to the developing fetus.

Bone maintenance

The process of preserving and repairing existing bone tissue once growth has ceased.

Yellow bone marrow

A storage site for excess lipids or fats found inside many bones, especially long bones.

Hematopoiesis

The process of new blood cells being deposited into the circulatory system from the red bone marrow.

Hairline fracture

A fine crack in the bone that doesn't completely separate the bone.

Greenstick fracture

A partial fracture where part of the bone is broken but the other part is still intact.

Complete fracture

When the bone is broken into two or more separate pieces.

Compound fracture

A fracture where the broken end of the bone protrudes out of the skin, causing damage to surrounding tissues and increasing the risk of infection.

Spiral fracture

A crack in the bone that spirals around and across the bone.

Hematoma

A collection of blood that forms around a broken bone.

Fibrocartilage callus

The replacement of the hematoma with fibrocartilage, which fills in the broken area.

Osteoclasts

Cells that remove excess bone and reshape it during the healing process.

Bone remodeling

The process by which bones reshape and strengthen themselves after a breakage or injury.

Hematoma

A localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels, usually caused by an injury or trauma.

Joints

The points where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement and flexibility.

Articulation